scientific periodicals, and for the 'Encyclopædia Britannica' (tenth and eleventh editions) he wrote the article 'Magnetism.' Elected F.R.S. on 4 June 1886, he served on the council 1904-6. He was president of the Physical Society 1897-9, and a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. In 1900 the University of Cambridge conferred on him the honorary degree of Sc.D.
He died at his house, Beechmead, Oatlands Chase, Wey bridge, on 18 Dec. 1909, and was buried at Walton cemetery. He married in 1874 Wilhelmina Evelyn, daughter of Edward Firmstone, rector of Wyke, near Winchester, and had issue one son and two daughters.
[Proc. Phys. Soc. xxii.; Journ. Inst. Elect. Eng. xlv.; Quart. Journ. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. xxxvi.; Roy. Soc. Catal. Sci. Papers; Nature, 30 Dec. 1909; Foster's Men at the Bar; The Times, 25 Dec. 1909: will, 3 Feb. 1910; Electrical Review, 31 Dec. 1909; Engineering, 24 Dec. 1909; Men of the Time, 1899.]
BIGG, CHARLES (1840–1908), classical scholar and theologian, born on 12 Sept. 1840, at Higher Broughton, near Manchester, was second son of Thomas Bigg, a Manchester merchant, by his wife Sarah, daughter of Charles Elden. Educated at Manchester grammar school, Bigg was elected to a scholarship at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 26 March 1858. He had a brilliant academical career, obtaining first-class honours in classics in moderations in Michaelmas term, 1859, and in the final schools in Easter term, 1862, and carrying
off the Hertford scholarship for Latin in 1860, the Gaisford prize for Greek prose composition, with a Platonic dialogue, in 1861 (printed in that year), and the Ellerton theological essay in 1864. The appointed subject for this essay, 'The Life and Character of St. Chrysostom,' directed him to the field of study which he was to make his own. He graduated B.A. in 1862, M.A. in 1864, and D.D. in 1876, being ordained deacon in 1863 and priest in 1864. Becoming a senior student, and classical tutor of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1863, he acted as one of the classical moderators from 1862 to 1865. In 1866 he left Oxford to become second classical master at Cheltenham College, whence he passed in 1871 to the headmastership of Brighton College. To this period of his life belong school editions of portions of Thucydides, books i. and ii. (1868), and of Xenophon's 'Cyropædeia' (1884, 1888).
Resigning his post at Brighton in 1881, he returned to Oxford to serve as chaplain to his old college, Corpus Christi, and to devote himself to severe study of the early history of the Christian church, and its relations to pagan writers and especially to pagan philosophers. The fruit of these researches appeared in his Bampton lectures on 'The Christian Platonists of Alexandria,' delivered and published in 1 886. These at once won him recognition as an exact scholar and an acute philosopher and theologian.
In 1887, on the presentation of Corpus Christi College, he became rector of Fenny Compton, in Warwickshire. His diocesan, Henry Philpott, bishop of Worcester, made him his examining chaplain in 1889, and honorary canon of Worcester, 1889-1901. In 1891 he became examining chaplain to Mandell Creighton [q. v. Suppl. I], bishop of Peterborough. At Oxford he was a select preacher in 1891, and again in 1900, and a theological examiner in 1891-3 and again in 1897-9. When Dr. Creighton was translated to London in 1897, he asked Dr. Bigg to continue acting as his examining chaplain, and assigned to him, in October 1900, a leading part in the Fulham Palace conference. To this period of his life belong editions, with thoughtful introductions, of various standard devotional works, such as 'The Confessions of St. Augustine' (1898), 'The Imitation of Christ' (1898; new edit. 1905), and William Law's 'Serious Call' (1899; new edit. 1906), and a strongly conservative edition of, and commentary on 'The Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude' (1901).
Bigg found his true sphere of work in 1901, when he succeeded Dr. William Bright [q. v. Suppl. II] in the regius professorship of ecclesiastical history at Oxford, with which was associated a canonry of Christ Church. His professorial lectures were exhaustive expositions of historical biography. A frequent preacher in the University church and in the cathedral, he enlisted the attention of widely different classes of hearers (Dr. Francis Paget, bishop of Oxford, in his preface to The Spirit of Christ in Common Life, p. vi). Both as lecturer and preacher he was distinguished by quaint simplicity of thought, originality of expression, and dry humour. He was also proctor for the chapter of Christ Church in the lower house of convocation. He was taken ill suddenly at Christ Church on 13 July 1908, having just sent to press the most important of his works, 'The Origins of Christianity.' He died on 15 July, and was buried in the Christ Church portion of Osney cemetery, near Oxford, Bigg married
