advantages of favourable environment, for his father was a student and a lover of the arts, with the means to indulge his son's tastes and the enthusiasm and foresight to guide them aright. Under a wisely ordered training young MacCunn developed musical gifts of great promise from an early age, and in 1883, when the Royal College of Music was founded in London for the encouragement of native talent, was successful in winning one of its first scholarships for composition. He studied there under (Sir) Charles Hubert H. Parry [q.v.] until 1887.
With his cantata ‘The Moss Rose’, produced at the Royal College in 1885, and an overture ‘Cior Mhor’, at the Crystal Palace in the same year, came the first signs of MacCunn's remarkable individuality; and two years later this boy of nineteen began to startle and captivate the musical world with an amazing series of full-grown orchestral and choral works, of which the most conspicuous were ‘The Land of the Mountain and the Flood’ (1887), ‘The Ship o' the Fiend’ (1888), ‘The Dowie Dens o' Yarrow’ (1888), ‘Lord Ullin's Daughter’ (1888), ‘The Lay of the Last Minstrel’ (1888), and ‘Bonny Kilmeny’ (1888). He also wrote a great number of songs, frankly melodious, but rich in his distinctive qualities; many of these were produced at concerts of his works given at the home of John Pettie, R.A. [q.v.], whose only daughter, Alison Quiller, MacCunn married in 1889.
MacCunn's sense of drama soon turned his attention to opera. In 1894 ‘Jeanie Deans’ (the libretto by Joseph Bennett) was produced in Edinburgh, and in 1896 in London; another opera, ‘Diarmid’ (1897), was a setting of a libretto by the ninth Duke of Argyll, then Marquess of Lorne, founded on heroic Celtic legends. Both these works met with more success than usually falls to the lot of a British opera, but lacked the staying power, chiefly in the librettos, essential to survival. The production of his operas established MacCunn's reputation as an able conductor, and first, or early, performances in English of the later Wagner operas were given under his direction by the Royal Carl Rosa company. In light opera, too, he attained a foremost position as conductor; and as a result, possibly, of this experience, he wrote a light opera, ‘The Golden Girl’ (the libretto by Basil Hood), produced at Birmingham in 1905.
It is perhaps to his attachment to the theatre and to his gifts as a conductor that we may attribute the comparative smallness of MacCunn's output in the later years of his life. Certain it is that as conductor of operas, both in London and in the provinces, he found his leisure for composition curtailed more and more year by year; while, towards the end, it was made almost fruitless by ill-health. He died in London 2 August 1916, leaving a widow and one son.
As a composer, MacCunn represents a type not uncommon in its early maturity, yet it is surprising that a man who did so much did not do more. Great gifts he possessed in abundance—inspiration, sensitiveness, clearness of style, an inexhaustible flow of melody, and that magical charm of utterance that goes with a vivid and imaginative personality. He was thus enabled to reveal the heart of Scotland as none had done before him, in a musical setting of great character and originality, virile and picturesque, glowing with warmth and splendour of colouring; he did all this with such tenderness and emotional beauty that he has been named, not without reason, the most Scottish of Scottish composers.
[Royal College of Music Registers; Crystal Palace programmes; Monthly Musical Record, September 1916; Musical Times, September 1916; Grove's Dictionary of Music; Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians.]
MACDONALD, Sir CLAUDE MAXWELL (1852–1915), soldier and diplomatist, the son of Major-General James (Hamish) Dawson Macdonald, by his wife, Mary Ellen Dougan, was born 12 June 1852. Educated at Uppingham and Sandhurst, he entered the 74th Highlanders in 1872 at the age of twenty. Macdonald first came to the front in the Egyptian campaign of 1882, in which year he was promoted major; he subsequently became military attaché in Cairo to Sir Evelyn Baring (afterwards Earl of Cromer) [q.v.], a post which he held till 1887. He served through the Suakin expedition of 1884–1885 as a volunteer with the 42nd Highlanders. From 1887 to 1888 he was acting-agent and consul-general at Zanzibar, and in 1889 was sent by the Foreign Office on a special mission to the Niger Territories. Shortly afterwards Macdonald was sent on another mission, to Berlin, with reference to the delimitation of the boundary between the Oil Rivers Protectorate and Cameroon, and in 1891 he was appointed first commissioner and consul-general in the Protectorate. Here he established an efficient system of con--
353
