of his work as professor was demonstrated by the extremely large proportion of the Ferguson scholarships in philosophy, open to all the Scottish universities, which his students gained. He was fond of the Socratic or catechetical method of instruction, and encouraged the students to express difficulties and objections. Calderwood occupies a distinctive and original place in the temple of Scottish philosophy.
But, besides his work as a professor, Calderwood took an active interest in political, philanthropic, educational, and religious matters in Edinburgh. In 1869 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was the first chairman of the Edinburgh school board, elected in 1873, and on his retirement from the post in 1877 he received an address from the public school teachers of the city. He was repeatedly asked to stand as a candidate for parliament for the southern division of Edinburgh, and was at the time of his death chairman of the North and East of Scotland Liberal Unionist Association. In 1870 he was elected a ruling elder in Morningside United Presbyterian church, Edinburgh, and up to the end was seldom absent from the annual meetings of synod. He sat on the mission board of his church for three terms of four years, and in 1880 he was elected moderator of synod. Questions of temperance reform, Presbyterian union, foreign missions, and kindred subjects received his warm and powerful advocacy. For some years he was editor of the 'United Presbyterian Magazine.' He received the freedom of Peebles, his native town, in 1877. In 1897 he was presented with a handsome testimonial by the residents and visitors at Carr Bridge, Inverness-shire, for conducting religious services during several holiday seasons and for other acts of piety and benevolence. He died at Edinburgh on 19 Nov. 1897. In 1867 he married Anne Hulton Leadbetter, who survives him. A portrait, painted in 1897 by Sir George Reid, R.S.A., is in the possession of his widow.
Besides the works already mentioned and pamphlets and articles in magazines. Professor Calderwood published: 1. 'Handbook of Moral Philosophy,' 1872, now in its 17th edit., and widely used in Britain and America. 2. 'Teaching, its End and Means,' 1874, now in the 4th edit. 3. 'The Parables of Our Lord,' 1880: and, posthumously, 4. 'David Hume,' in 'Famous Scots Series,' 1898.
[In 1900 appeared the Life of Professor Calderwood by his son, Mr. W. C. Calderwood of the Fishery Board for Scotland, and the Rev. David Woodside, B.D., with a special chapter on his Philosophical Works by A. Seth Pringle-Pattison, LL.D. Other sources of information are the United Presbyterian Magazines and Missionary Records, and personal knowledge.]
CALDICOTT, ALFRED JAMES (1842–1897), musician, was the eldest son of William Caldicott, a hop merchant of Worcester and musical amateur, and was born at Worcester on 26 Nov. 1842. At the age of nine he became a choirboy in the cathedral, where several of his brothers and half-brothers subsequently sang also. He rose to be the leading treble, and, while taking part in the Three Choir festivals, formed the ambition to conduct an oratorio of his own in the cathedral. At the age of fourteen his voice broke, and he was articled to Done, the cathedral organist. He remained at Worcester, acting as assistant to Done until 1863, when he entered the Leipzig Congervatorium to complete his studies. Moscheles and Plaidy were his masters for the pianoforte; Reinecke, Hauptmann, and Richter for theory and composition. In 1865 he returned to Worcester, and became organist at St. Stephen's and honorary organist to the corporation. He spent twelve years in routine work, teaching, organ-playing, and conducting a musical society he had established. In 1878 he graduated Mus. Bac. Cantab. In the same year he made his first notable success as a composer, his humorous glee 'Humpty Dumpty' being awarded a special prize at a competition instituted by the Manchester Glee Society. In 1879 his serious glee 'Winter Days' won the prize offered by the Huddersfield Glee and Madrigal Union, He was then commissioned to compose an oratorio for the Worcester festival. He chose the story of the widow of Nain as subject, wrote both libretto and music himself, and on 12 Sept. 1881 realised his boyish dream by conducting his oratorio in the cathedral.
In 1882 Caldicott left Worcester for Torquay, but a few months later settled in London. He then began to compose operettas for Thomas German Reed [q. v.], the first being 'Treasure Trove,' performed in 1883. Reed produced twelve others, including 'A Moss Rose Rent,' 1883; 'Old Knockles,' 1884; 'In Cupid's Court,' 1885; 'A United Pair,' 1886; 'The Bosun's Mate,' 1888; 'The Friar;' 'Wanted an Heir;' 'In Possession;' 'Brittany Folk;' 'Tally Ho!' (1890). When the Albert Palace in Battersea Park was opened with ambitious intentions a full orchestra was engaged, and Caldicott was appointed conductor. He composed a dedication ode for the opening on 6 June 1885, but very soon resigned. He afterwards conducted at the Prince of Wales's Theatre,
