shadowed the modern demagogue, the modern party leader, and the modern parliamentary debater. As a demagogue he at the same time swayed the judgment of the House of Lords and the passions of the mob. As a party leader, ‘while sitting in one house of the legislature he organised the forces and directed the movements of a compact party in the other.’ And in him we first meet with ‘that combination of technical knowledge, practical shrewdness, argumentative alertness, aptitude in illustration, mastery of pointed expression, and readiness of retort, which distinguish the first-rate debater of the present day.’ He was a man of wide accomplishments; he spoke Latin with ease and fluency; he was also well acquainted with Greek and French, and especially with the literature of his own country. Ancient and modern history, and the state of Europe and foreign politics, were also favourite studies. Charles is reported to have said that he had more law than his judges and more divinity than his bishops. He had all the tastes of the English country gentleman: estate management, hunting, horse-breeding, gardening, planting, and the like; and he dabbled in alchemy, palmistry, and the casting of horoscopes. Burnet says that ‘he had the dotage of astrology upon him to a high degree,’ and that he told him ‘how a Dutch doctor had from the stars foretold him the whole series of his life’ (i. 175). He was reputed a deist, but the state of his mind is perhaps best represented by the anecdote in Sheffield's memoirs, which represents him as answering the lady who inquired as to his religion, ‘Madam, wise men are of but one religion;’ and when she further pressed him to tell what that was, ‘Madam, wise men never tell.’ Shaftesbury's private life was of rare purity for the age; the charge of licentiousness probably arose from the story told by Chesterfield (Works, ii. 334, Mahon's ed.), and, in different ways by different authors, that Charles once exclaimed, ‘Shaftesbury, you are the wickedest rogue in England,’ and that Shaftesbury replied, ‘Of a subject, sir, I believe I am.’ Christie shows that there is no certainty in the story, and that, even if it be true, there is no reason for thinking that it has the meaning imputed.
[The materials for this article are drawn chiefly from two sources—the Shaftesbury Papers in the Public Record Office, and Mr. Christie's very important work, which is founded mainly upon them. These papers, so far as they are concerned with the first earl, consist of six sections, the contents of which will be found described in detail in the report of Mr. Noel Sainsbury. Besides the original diaries and autobiographies, there is a large collection of letters and papers directly concerning the earl, and extending over his lifetime. There are also a large number of documents connected with the settlement of Carolina, including many of Locke's composition, the draft of the first constitutions of the colony being among them, and with the government of Jamaica, the Barbadoes, and the Bahamas. The diaries, autobiographical fragments, and some of the more important papers have been separately printed by Mr. Christie. His larger work, the ‘Life,’ in spite of the fact that he evidently holds a brief for Shaftesbury, is of extreme value in sweeping away the misrepresentations which political partisanship or ignorance had allowed to gather about his name, and of which Macaulay and Lord Campbell have been in modern times the chief exponents; and it is only in one or two places that inaccuracies may be detected, or that a tendency is visible to keep out of sight or extenuate really blameworthy actions. Where evidence can be obtained he is indefatigable in procuring it, and he is, on the whole, impartial in weighing it. A few materials have become accessible since Christie wrote, such as the reports of the Hist. MSS. Commission, the Lauderdale and Essex Papers, the Calendar of State Papers, Ranke's History, &c. The latest work on the subject is Mr. Traill's ‘Shaftesbury,’ in the ‘English Worthies’ series. Mr. Traill, without sufficient apparent justification, takes as a rule the unfavourable view of his character and conduct. The interesting and valuable part of his book, as noticed in the article, is the account of Shaftesbury as a party leader of the modern type. The leading authorities are all fully referred to in the article.]
COOPER, ANTHONY ASHLEY, third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713), was born 26 Feb. 1670–1, at Exeter House in London, then the town residence of his grandfather, the first earl [q. v.] He was the son of Lord Ashley, afterwards second earl, by Lady Dorothy Manners, daughter of John, earl of Rutland. Lord Ashley, a man of feeble constitution and understanding, is the ‘shapeless lump’ of Dryden's famous satire upon the first earl. Locke had acted to some extent as Lord Ashley's tutor, and had taken part in arranging his marriage at the age of seventeen (1669). Locke also attended Lady Ashley on her confinement. In March 1673–4 the guardianship of the infant was formally assigned to his grandfather. Shaftesbury, during his confinement in the Tower in 1677, wrote to Locke, then in France, asking him to discover what books were used for the dauphin's Latin lessons, with a view to procuring them for his grandson. When Locke returned to England in 1680, he superintended the boy's education. In 1674 he had recommended Elizabeth, daughter of a schoolmaster named Birch, to act as governess. She could talk Greek and Latin fluently, and imparted the accom-
