Kent (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 174). He appears, however, to have been at Arnheim along with John Desborough [q. v.] in September 1663, and in the ensuing October was reported to have landed at Plymouth from Mardike (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1663–4, pp. 266, 309). An act of parliament passed for his attainder and the forfeiture of all his lands, which were granted to James, duke of York. His widow Elizabeth retired to Maidstone, and was dead by 27 Feb. 1666, when her estate was administered by her daughter, Deborah Livesey (Probate Act Book, P. C. C. 1666). Another daughter Anne was married to Sir Robert Sprignall, bart., of Highgate, Middlesex (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1658–9, p. 292).
[Burke's Extinct Baronetage, p. 317; Declaration of Colonel Anthony Weldon, 1649; Sussex Archæological Collections, v. 35, 78.]
LIVING, LYFING, ELFSTAN, or ETHELSTAN (d. 1020), archbishop of Canterbury, was consecrated to the see of Wells in 999, and was appointed by Ethelred the Unready [q. v.] to Canterbury, in succession to Ælfheah [q. v.] or Alphege. He is said to have received the pall from Benedict VIII (Gervase). Godwin states that he was kept in prison by the Danes for seven months. This statement is evidently founded on a misunderstanding of a passage in the ‘Gesta Pontificum,’ which refers to his predecessor. Dean Hook says that it is an historical fact that he fled from England, but there seems to be no authority for this assertion. He must have taken a large part in framing the laws published with his approval in the witenagemot of 1014; they are mainly ecclesiastical. He crowned Edmund Ironside [q. v.] in 1016, and Canute [q. v.] in January 1017. He is said to have been an active prelate and a wise and religious man, and to have enriched his church with noble ornaments. Living died on 12 June 1020, and was buried in his cathedral church.
[Godwin, De Præsulibus, p. 54; Hook's Archbishops of Canterbury, i. 471; Kemble's Codex Dipl. Nos. 703, 727, 730 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); A.-S. Chron. ann. 1013, 1020 (Rolls Ser.); Gervase of Canterbury, i. 14, 24, ii. 55, 361 (Rolls Ser.); Will. of Malmesbury's Gesta Pontiff. pp. 33, 34 (Rolls Ser.)]
LIVING or LYFING (d. 1046), bishop of Crediton, was a monk of St. Swithun's, Winchester, and became abbot of Tavistock in Devonshire. Canute [q. v.] held him in high esteem, took him with him on his pilgrimage to Rome, and when the king left Rome sent him home with his famous letter to the English people. On Living's return to England he was consecrated bishop of Crediton in 1027. He further obtained from the king a promise that on the death of his uncle Brihtwold, bishop of Cornwall, he should receive Brihtwold's bishopric also, and so merge the see of Cornwall in that of Crediton. It is not certain when Brihtwold's death took place, and this arrangement was carried out, possibly not until 1043 (Florence, i. App. p. 238), though an earlier date is more probable. From King Harold (called Harefoot) [q. v.] he further obtained in 1038 the see of Worcester, which he held in plurality. He was with Harold in his last sickness (Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus, No. 758). He was a strenuous adherent of Earl Godwin, and being an eloquent speaker was of much service to the earl, in common with whom he was in 1040 accused of being concerned in the death of Ælfred the ætheling. Thereupon Harthacnut [see Hardecanute] took his bishopric from him, but a year later Living regained it by paying the king a sum of money. He joined with Godwin in promoting the election of Edward the Confessor in 1042, and was no doubt one of the embassy sent to invite him to accept the crown (Norman Conquest, ii. 7; Vita Eadwardi, ll. 195, 196). He died on 23 March 1046, and was buried at Tavistock. There his memory was held in honour, for he had been a liberal benefactor to the house, and William of Malmesbury records that down to his time the monks regularly chanted psalms for the bishop's repose. He is described as a man of great prudence and capacity, and his eloquence is noticed by the Worcester chronicler. He was evidently a worldly-minded, greedy, and unscrupulous man. William of Malmesbury says that old men had told him that the bishop's death was accompanied by an evil portent.
[Oliver's Bishops of Exeter, p. 5; Freeman's Norman Conquest, i. 563, 575, ii. xxix, 81–3; Anglia Sacra, i. 473; Haddan and Stubbs's Councils and Eccl. Docs. i. 688; Dugdale's Monasticon, ii. 490; A.-S. Chron. ann. 1038, 1044, 1045, 1047 (Rolls Ser.); Flor. Wig. i. 183, 193, 199, 238 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Will. of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum, ii. cc. 182, 188 (Rolls Ser.), and Gesta Pontiff. pp. 200, 201 (Rolls Ser.); Kemble's Codex Dipl. (Engl. Hist. Soc.) Nos. 758, 760, 764, 765; Vita Eadw. ll. 195, 196 ap. Lives of Edw. the Conf. pp. 394, 395 (Rolls Ser.)]
LIVINGSTONE, Sir ALEXANDER (d. 1450?), of Callendar, guardian of James II of Scotland, was eldest son of Sir John Livingstone of Callendar, who was killed at the battle of Homildon on 14 Sept. 1402. His mother was a daughter of Menteith
