From the time of his arrival in England in 1707 he seems to have lived on small payments received from the Royal Society; but all his early friends were dead, and little is heard of him. The date and place of his death are alike unknown. The last certain evidence of his existence is furnished by a letter from him to Sir Hans Sloane, dated 23 Jan. 1712, preserved among the papers at the Royal Society.
There is a portrait of Papin, dated 1689, in the hall of the university at Marburg, which is engraved in De la Saussaye and Pean's book referred to below. He is commemorated in his native town of Blois by a statue erected in 1881.
Isaac Papin (1657–1709), theologian, son of Isaac Papin, receiver-general at Blois, by his wife, who was a sister of Claude Pajon, was born at Blois on 27 March 1657, and was probably related to Denis Papin. Isaac came into prominence as an advocate of the tolerant ‘universalist’ party among the French protestants, as opposed to the ‘particularists’ under Pierre Jurieu. After completing his studies at Geneva and Saumur, he refused to sign a condemnation of ‘Pajonism,’ as the advanced views were stigmatised, and was consequently debarred from a career in the protestant church. In 1686 he came over to England, where he was granted deacon's and subsequently priest's orders by Turner, bishop of Ely. Through the influence of his English friends he obtained in 1687 the post of professor in the church of the protestant refugees at Danzig; but he was still pursued by the hostility of Jurieu, and had to resign his appointment. He was subsequently admitted by Bossuet (15 Jan. 1690) into the Roman catholic communion. He died in 1709. Of his numerous expository and controversial works (all of which were written in French) a collective edition was published at Paris in 1823, with a brief memoir and justification (see Life prefixed to Recueil, 1823; Haag, France Protestante; Hagenbach, Hist. of Doctrines; McClintock and Strong, Cyclopædia; Nouvelle Biogr. Générale; Chalmers, Biogr. Dict.)
[Authorities cited. The best authority for the facts of Denis Papin's career is Ernst Gerland's Leibnizens und Huygens' Briefwechsel mit Papin (Berlin, 1881), which contains transcripts of a large number of letters collected from various public libraries on the continent and in England. He also gives a complete list of Denis Papin's writings, together with a number of references to books and periodicals in which Papin's discoveries and inventions are described. De la Saussaye and Pean's La Vie et les Ouvrages de Denis Papin (Paris, 1869) was never completed, the first volume only having been published. The want of the second and concluding volume, which was intended to contain the author's ‘pièces justificatives,’ considerably impairs the value of the work.]
PAPINEAU, LOUIS JOSEPH (1786–1871), Canadian rebel, came of a French family which emigrated to Canada towards the end of the seventeenth century. He was born in Montreal on 7 Oct. 1786, his father, Joseph Papineau (d. 1831), a notary, being a member of the first legislative assembly for Lower Canada, established in 1791. Papineau was educated at the seminary of Quebec, and on leaving college he began to read for the bar. While still a law student he acquired a great reputation among the French Canadians for his oratorical talents and opposition to the existing political system. In 1809 he was elected to the legislative assembly of Lower Canada for the county of Kent. In 1811, however, he elected to sit for the west ward of the city of Montreal. He was called to the bar in 1811, but was too much devoted to politics to practice as an advocate. He opposed the war with America in 1812, but, when it became inevitable, he entered the militia and served through the campaign of that year. He commanded the company which guarded the American prisoners taken at Detroit. In 1815 Papineau was appointed speaker of the legislative assembly of Lower Canada. He held this office, at a salary of 1,000l. a year, till 1837. From the beginning of his career he was looked on as the head of the French Canadian party. The English government tried to gain him over, and in 1820 Lord Dalhousie, the governor of Lower Canada, offered him a seat on the executive council. Papineau at first accepted, but, finding that there was no chance of his advice being ever taken, immediately resigned. In 1823 he visited Europe, in company with John Neilson (1776–1848) [q. v.], to protest, in the name of the French Canadians, against the proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada. His mission was successful, and he returned in 1823. In 1827 Papineau's hostility to the executive government had become so marked that Lord Dalhousie refused to accept him as speaker. The assembly, however, insisted on their choice, and Dalhousie resigned. The French Canadian party, who enjoyed a large majority in the legislative assembly, strongly desired to obtain control over certain duties imposed in 1774, and certain hereditary profits obtained by the crown from the sale of public lands. In 1831 the British parliament surrendered the former. They resolved to retain the latter, on which the French Canadians demanded that the
