The tale of Richard's quarrel with Leopold, duke of Austria, over the latter's banner, at Acre or Jaffa—a story worked up by Sir Walter Scott into his ‘Talisman’—occurs in Richard of Devizes (fl. 1193), Rigord (fl. 1206), Otto de S. Blasio, and several other contemporary chroniclers. It appears most fully in Matthew Paris. From Knighton (fl. 1395) come the legends of Richard's exchange of blows with the emperor's son Ardour and several other names or incidents (such as the ‘Black’ knight and Sir Thomas Multon) worked up with more or less variation into Sir Walter Scott's two great crusading romances, ‘Ivanhoe’ and the ‘Talisman.’ The chief historical authorities are: Gesta Henrici II, Roger Hoveden, Gervase of Canterbury, Ralph de Diceto, Itinerarium Ricardi, ed. W. Stubbs, William of Newburgh, Robert de Monte, Richard of Devizes, Jordan Fantôme, ed. Howlett, Roger of Wendover, ed. Hewlett, Matt. Paris's Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, Giraldus Cambrensis, ed. Brewer, &c., Ralph of Coggeshall, ed. Stevenson, Alex. Neckham, Peter de Langtoft, ed. Wright, Jocelin de Brakelonda, ed. Arnold, Vita Magna S. Hugonis, ed. Dimock (all in Rolls Series); Rigord and William le Breton, ed. Delaborde, Chronique d'Ernoul, ed. Mas-Latrie, Hist. des Ducs de Normandie, ed. Michel, Récit d'un Ménestrel de Reims, ed. Wailly, Chroniques de St.-Martial de Limoges, ed. Duplès-Agier, Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal, ed. Meyer (all issued by the Soc. de l'Histoire de France); Annales Max. Colonienses; Ottonis Frising. Cont. Sanblasiana; Ann. Marlicenses; Chron. Magni Presbyt.; Chron. Ottobonis; Gilbert of Mons; Alberic of Trois-Fontaines; Lambert of Ardres; Chron. Willelmi Andrens. ap Pertz, Scriptores Rer. Germanicarum, vols. vi. xvii. xviii. xx. xxi. xxiii. xxiv.; Carmen Ambrosii, ap Pertz, vol. xxvi.; Geoffrey of Vigeois and Chron. Rothomagense, ap. Labbe, Biblioth. Nova, vols. i. ii.; Chronicon Johannis Bromton, in Twysden's Decem Scriptores; Ægidii Aureæ-Vallis Chronicon, ap. Chapeauville's Gesta Pont. Leodiensium, vol. ii.; Chronicon de Mailros, ed. Stevenson; Chronicle of Lanercost; Chronique de St.-Denis, ed. Paris; Epistolæ Joannis Sarisberiensis, Cœlestini III et Innocentii III, ap. Migne, vols. cxcix. ccvi. ccxiv.; Bohadin's Vie de Saladin; Estoire d'Eracles; Abulfeda; Ibn al Ather, ap. Historiens des Croisades, Paris, 1845–95; Abulfaragii Chronicon Syriacum (Bruns und Kirsch); Chron. Turonense ap. Martene and Durand's Coll. Ampliss. vol. v.; Ansbert's Expeditio Frederici II, ed. Dobrowsky; Peter d'Ebulo, ed. Winckelmann; Joinville, ed. Wailly; Weber's Metrical Romances, vol. ii.; Ellis's Early English Romances; Eyton's Itinerarium Henrici II; Kervyn de Lettenhove's Hist. de Flandres, vol. ii.; Blondel de Nesle, ed. Tarbé; Molinier's edit. of Les Vies des Troubadours, ap. Hist. de Languedoc (Vic et Vaissette), ed. 1879, &c.; Bertran de Born, ed. Thomas; Clédat's Rôle Historique de Bert. de Born; Bertrand de Born, ed. Stimming; Toeche's Heinrich VI; Rymer's Short View of Tragedy; Norgate's Angevin Kings; Kindt's Gründe der Gefangenschaft Richard I, &c. (1892); Bloch's Untersuchungen, &c. (1891); Kneller's Des Richard Löwenherz deutsche Gefangenschaft (1893); Rev. des Questions historiques, 1876; James's Hist. of Richard I; Aytoun's Hist. of Richard I; Round's Feudal England; Archer's Crusade of Richard I.]
RICHARD II (1367–1400), ‘of Bordeaux,’ king of England, was younger son of Edward, prince of Wales (‘The Black Prince’) [q. v.], and Joan, widow of Thomas Holland, earl of Kent, ‘the Fair Maid of Kent’ [q. v.] He was born in the abbey of St. Andrew at Bordeaux on 6 Jan. 1367, and was baptised in the cathedral three days later by the archbishop. James, titular king of Majorca, acted as his chief sponsor, and this, coupled with the possible presence of Peter the Cruel, and his birth on Twelfth day, no doubt gave rise to the story of the three kings presenting gifts to him (Thorn, col. 2142). The tragic close of his life added further legend, as that he was ‘born without a skin and nourished in the skins of goats,’ and that he was no son of the ‘Black Prince,’ but of a French canon. His nurse, Mundina Danos ‘of Aquitaine,’ received a pension in 1378. Richard was taken to England in January 1371, shortly after the death of his elder brother Edward (1364–1371), and before he was six figured as nominal regent of the realm during the last French expedition of Edward III and his sons. The Black Prince's death in his father's lifetime (8 June 1376) introduced a contingency so novel and unprovided for that his titles did not descend to his son, and his next surviving brother, John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster [q. v.], the real ruler of England during the Black Prince's illness and Edward III's senility, was generally credited with a disposition to dispute his nephew's claim to the crown. John contented himself, however, with attempting to secure the position of future heir-presumptive against the Earl of March by a proposal to bar succession through females. The commons insisted on having Richard brought into parliament (25 June) ‘that they might see and honour him as the very heir-apparent.’ On their petition he was created (20 Nov.) Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, and Earl of Chester, and opened the parliament of 27 Jan. 1377 on behalf of his grandfather. His mother had charge of him.
Richard's education had been entrusted by his father to two old companions of his campaigns, Sir Guichard d'Angle and Sir Simon Burley [q. v.], both knights of the Garter. At the feast of St. George in April 1377 he was
