was set apart under the name of the ‘Turner Medical Prize’ in commemoration of his services.
In 1843 Turner was appointed honorary professor of physiology at the Manchester Royal Institution, where, with the exception of two years, he delivered annually a course of lectures until 1873. He was nominated a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1843, and he served on its council from 1865 to 1873. He was much occupied from 1852 with the Sanitary Association of Manchester and Salford in endeavouring to improve the intellectual, moral, and social condition of the factory hands. He died in Manchester on Wednesday, 17 Dec. 1873, and was buried in the churchyard of Marton, near Skipton-in-Craven. On 3 March 1826 he married Anna, daughter of James Clarke, esq., of Medham, near Newport, Isle of Wight.
Turner assisted greatly in breaking up that monopoly of medical education possessed by the London medical schools at the beginning of this century. He showed that the large provincial towns were as capable of affording a first-rate medical education to their students as was the metropolis. Turner likewise recognised the fundamental principle of state medicine, that improvement in sanitary surroundings necessarily implies improvement in the moral atmosphere of the inhabitants.
Turner published:
- ‘Outlines of a System of Medico-Chirurgical Education,’ London and Manchester, 1824, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1826.
- ‘An Address to the Inhabitants of Lancashire, &c., on the Present State of the Medical Profession,’ London, 1825, 8vo.
- ‘A Practical Treatise on the Arterial System,’ London, 1825, 8vo.
- ‘Outlines of a Course of Lectures on the Laws of Animal Life,’ Manchester, 1825, 8vo.
- ‘Outlines of a Course of Lectures on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Human Body,’ Manchester, 1833, 8vo.
- ‘Anatomico-Chirurgical Observations on Dislocations of the Astragalus,’ Worcester, 1843, 8vo.
[Memoir of Thomas Turner, esq., by a Relative, London, 1875, 8vo; additional information kindly given by the late Ed. Lund, esq., consulting surgeon to the Manchester Royal Infirmary.]
TURNER, THOMAS HUDSON (1815–1852), antiquary, born in London in 1815, was the eldest son of Thomas Turner, a printer in the employ of William Bulmer [q. v.] The elder Turner was a man of culture, possessed considerable knowledge of English literature, and assisted William Gifford (1756–1826) [q. v.] in his edition of ‘Ben Jonson’ with many valuable suggestions.
The younger Turner lost his father at an early age. He was left in poverty and received assistance from Bulmer and from Bulmer's nephew William Nicol. He was educated at a school in Chelsea, where he was distinguished by his thirst for literary and antiquarian knowledge. In his sixteenth year he entered Nicol's office, and devoted his leisure to the pursuit of his favourite studies, but he soon obtained a post at the record office in the Tower, where he read and translated records. Taking advantage of his new opportunities for research, he commenced a history of England during the reigns of John and Henry III, which he did not complete. His labours were finally interrupted by his entering into an undertaking to collect materials for a history of London for Edward Tyrrell, the city remembrancer. In 1841 he edited for the Roxburghe Club ‘Manners and Household Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Centuries’ (London, 4to), to which he wrote an admirable introduction. Subsequently for a short time he was resident secretary of the Archæological Institute. His principal work was entitled ‘Some Account of Domestic Architecture in England from the Conquest to the end of the Thirteenth Century’ (Oxford, 1851–1859, 3 vols. 8vo. The concluding portion, continuing the history from Edward I to Henry VIII, was by John Henry Parker [q. v.]). The book deals with a wide range of subjects, including furniture and household implements. Turner died in Stanhope Terrace, Camden Town, on 17 Jan. 1852. He contributed many papers to the ‘Archæological Journal,’ and made several communications to the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, printed in the third volume of ‘Archæologia Æliana;’ he also wrote an introduction to Lewis's ‘Life of Fisher’ (1855).
[Gent. Mag. 1852, i. 206; English Cyclopædia.]
TURNER, Sir TOMKYNS HILGROVE (1766?–1843), general, was born about 1766. He obtained a commission as ensign in the 3rd foot guards on 20 Feb. 1782, and was promoted to be lieutenant and captain on 13 Oct. 1789. He went to Holland in February 1793 with the brigade of guards under Frederick, duke of York, landed at Helvoetsluys on 5 March, marched to Tournay, in May camped at Maulde, took part in the battle of St. Amand (8 May), the action of Famars (23 May), the siege of Valen-
