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some Fielding . . . with an account of her birth and parentage, her familiarity with Charles II, and the children she had by him, with other very Memorable and Curious Passages, London, 1709; but remarkable in their way are the numerous squibs and satires which circulated during her lifetime, the most offensive, though veracious, libels about the duchess and her paramours. Among these are: The Gracious Answer of the Countess of Castlemaine to the Poor Whores Petition, 1668, 8vo (Brit. Mus.); A Dialogue between the D. of C. and the D[uchess] of P[ortsmouth] at their meeting in Paris with the Ghost of Jane Shore [1682, Society of Antiquaries' Catalpgue, No. 591]; Two Satirical Ballads, The Duchess of C—'s Memorial with General Fielding's Answer, 1707 (Brit. Mus.) At Cologne in 1676 appeared anonymously [but by G. de Bremond] a novelette called 'Hattigé ou La Belle Turque, qui contient ses amours avec le roi Tamaran' (Amsterdam, 1680, 12mo, and in English, 1679-80, Brit. Mus.); a 'clef' to this curious work is described by Nodier in his Mélanges d'une petite Bibliothèque, p. 95, from which it appears that Hattigé is Barbara, Tamaran Charles II, and Rajep Churchill (cf. Barbier's Dict. des Ouvrages Anonymes, 1874, v. 607). See also Doyle's Official Baronage, s.v. 'Cleveland;' G. E. C[okayne]'s Complete Peerage; Our Old Nobility, 1879, the 'Fitzroys;' Pepys's Diary, ed. Wheatley, passim; Evelyn's Diary, ed. Wheatley, ii. 259, 269, 284, 322, 357, 444, 448, iii. 19; Hamilton's Grammont, ed. Vizetelly, passim; Luttrell's Brief Hist. Relation, passim; Dangeau's Journal, 1856-9, i. 256; Clarendon's Continuation, vol. i. ad fin.; Burnet's Own Time, ed. Airy, pp. 168 n., 287, 474, 476; Secret History of Charles II, i. 447; Wood's Life and Times, ed. Clark, 1894, passim; Marvell's Poems and Satires, ed. Aitken, 1892, ii. 192-3; Poems on Affairs of State, 1703 ii. 189, 1707 iv. 388 et al.; Rochester's Works, 1714, pp. 146 sq.; Bagford Ballads, i. 78, ii. 546; Cal. Treasury Papers, i. 250 sq.; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660-9, 1670 p. 357, 1671 p. 271, and 1672 pp. 34-5, 151; Reresby's Diary, p. 53; Dalrymple's Appendices, i. 94, 168; Manley's Adventures of Rivella, 1714, pp. 31-40, and New Atlantis, 1720, i. passim; Akerman's Secret Services of Charles II and James II, pp. 87, 91, 96-9, 126, 206, Savile Correspondence, and Bramston's Autobiogr. (all three in Camden Society); Macpherson's Original Papers, i. 132; Tatler, No. 50 (by Swift, where Villaria is the duchess and Orlando Feilding), and No. 61; Pope's Works; Swift's Works, ed. Scott, xii. 205, 220; Howell's State Trials, xiv. 1327 sq.; Masson's Life of Milton, vi. passim; Antiquarian Repertory, 1807, i. 74; Strickland's Queens, v. 493, 526-70; Jameson's Beauties of the Court of Charles II; Jesse's Memoirs, 1688-1760, ii. 260 sq., and Stuarts, vols. iii. iv. passim; Jusserand's French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II, 1892; Forneron's Louise de Keroualle; Baillon's Henrietta Anne de France, 1886, pp. 122 sq.; Cunningham's Nell Gwyn, 1892, lvi-lviii, 71, 133 sq.; Christie's Life of Shaftesbury, 1871. i. 233, 311, ii. 160; Walpole's Letters, ed. Cunningham, i. p. lxi, 156, ii. 181, v. 70, viii. 488; Phillimore's Hist. Coll. relat. to Chiswick, 1897, pp. 41. 172; Lysons's Environs, ii. 210, iv. 485; Wheatley and Cunningham's London, i. 62, 166, 421, ii. 448, 468, iii. 506; Law's Hampton Court, ii. 221-48, iii. 181, 206 n.; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ii. 463, iii. 185, 4th ser. v. 401, vii. 66; Woodburn's Portr. of Illustr. Charact,; J. C. Smith's Brit. Mezzotinto Portr. pp. 26, 27, 110, 236, 261, 525, 1368, 1369, 1394, 1551, 1598, 1653; Addit. MSS. 21505 ff. 32-9 (letters to Charles II, 1674-85), 21405 f. 41; Stowe MSS. 210, and 1055 f. 16 (the visit to St, Paul's); Lansd. MS. 1236, f. 121; Ashm. MSS. in Bodleian, 837 f. 214, 838 f. 113; Rawl. MS. 379, ff. 71 sq.]

T. S.

VILLIERS, CHARLES PELHAM (1802–1898), statesman, born on 3 Jan. 1802 in Upper Grosvenor Street, London, was third son of George Villiers (1759-1827), by his wife, Theresa Parker (d. 1855), only daughter of John, first baron Boringdon [see under Parker, John, second Baron Boringdon and first Earl Morley]. Thomas Villiers, first earl of Clarendon [q. v.], was his grandfather. While Charles Pelham was still a youth, his parents took up their residence at Old Kent House, Knightsbridge, which was so commodious that it accommodated with ease the families of George Villiers and his brother-in-law, the second Baron Boringdon. Canning, then at the height of his fame, was a frequent visitor at Kent House, and young Villiers first had his mind turned to politics by listening to the conversations of the brilliant statesman with his father and uncle; he consequently began to frequent the galleries of the houses of parliament. At that period he and his elder brothers, George William Frederick Villiers (afterwards fourth Earl of Clarendon) [q. v.], and Thomas Hyde Villiers [q. v.], attended a school at Kensington kept by Thomas Wright Hill [q. v.] Later on Villiers was sent to the East India College at Haileybury, where he attended lectures given by Sir James Mackintosh [q. v.] and Thomas Robert Malthus [q. v.] His health not promising to endure the Indian climate, Villiers was sent to Cambridge, and entered as a gentleman commoner at St. John's College. Villiers first took part in a state pageant as a royal page at the coronation of George IV in 1820. At the university he became acquainted with Thomas Babington (afterwards Lord) Macaulay, Viscount Howick (afterwards third