sides the symbols (letters) for indicating the basic sound-qualities, which constitute the gammakap proper, this universal system includes, of course, other symbols (modifiers), for indicating voicelessness, nasality, and whisper, and the various degrees of length, stress, and pitch. The second table shows the letters of the English gammakap, with examples of words containing the sounds which the letters represent. In a few cases, examples from foreign languages have been added, to show the occurrence of practically the same sounds in those tongues.
UNIVERSAL GAMMAKAP
Letters inclosed in curvs ( ) indicate sounds made portly in the position where their letters are so inclosed, but mainly in the position where the same Irtters appear without curvs
ORGANS | Throat | Soft and Hard Palate | Teeth | Lips | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Back | Central | Front | or Gums | and Lip | ||||||
Stridents | Wholly closed, then opened | � | Gq gk | gK | jc | dt DT | bp | |||
Rounded | ||||||||||
Struck or trild | Q | R K | � � � � | |||||||
� | Rounded | |||||||||
So close as to produce friction | h � H | � � G X | j ç | r r �������� | vf | �vw��� | ||||
�� (w �) | (��) | ������ | Rounded | |||||||
Sonorants | Nose-passage open | �� | �� | �� | �� | �� | ||||
Rounded | ||||||||||
Open at sides (of tongue) only | �� | �� | ���� | |||||||
Rounded | ||||||||||
Open at top (of tongue) only | �� | |||||||||
Rounded | ||||||||||
Resonants | High | Close | � | � | � | |||||
� | � | � | Rounded | |||||||
Open | � | � | � | |||||||
� | � | � | Rounded | |||||||
Mid | Close | � | � | � | ||||||
� | � | � | Rounded | |||||||
Open | � | � | � | |||||||
� | � | � | Rounded | |||||||
Low | Close | � | � | � | ||||||
� | � | � | Rounded | |||||||
Open | � | � | � | |||||||
� | � | � | Rounded |