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The Literature of International Relations

the subject, whether general or national and special, is lucidly, though in brief, presented by M. Ernest Nys in the chapter on 'La Liberté des Mers' in his work Les Origines du Droit international. 'Le droit romain range la mer parmi les choses qui, en vertu du droit naturel, sont communes à tous. Au moyen âge, dès que le commerce maritime prend de l'importance, dès qu'il devient l'un des grands facteurs de la richesse publique, apparaissent les prétentions des gouvernements sur certaines mers,'^[1]

Material for a study of the subject from the standpoint of the interests and claims of England in the seventeenth century will be found in a recently published work on The Sovereignty of the Sea,^[2] and in Gardiner's History.^[3] The volume of the Navy Records Society on Law and Custom of the Sea^[4] contains supplementary material of historical value.

↑ Nys (1894), p. 379. See Walker, History, i, p. 246, for Vasquez, a Spanish official (1509–66) and author (1564)—a precursor of Grotius for Mare Liberum; and pp. 278–83 for a summary of Grotius's book thus entitled. Grotius, c. vii, alludes to Vasquez (Vasquius) as 'decus illud Hispaniae, cuius nec in explorando iure subtilitatem, nec in docendo libertatem umquam desideres'. Vasquez was anticipated by the Spanish theologian and Franciscan monk, Alphonso de Castro (d. in 1558), in opposing the claims of the Genoese and Venetians to prohibit other nations from navigating the gulfs or bays of their respective seas. See Grotius, c. vii; and Nys, p. 352.
↑ Fulton (1911), pp. xxvi + 799.
↑ Especially vol. iii (Cabinet ed.), pp. 164-5 (on Grotius); vii, pp. 357–8, viii, p. 79, and 154-5 (on Selden); and The History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, vol. ii (Cabinet ed.), p. 172.
↑ Vol. i, 1205–1648, published in 1915: see pp. 484-90, 'Reglement of the Narrow Seas', 1634, setting forth the King of England’s Sovereignty in the four seas—'the seas commonly called the four English seas' (see State Papers, Domestic, cclxxix, No. 18), and p. 509 on the salute to the flag—the 'Vail'. Article 19 in the Treaty of Breda, 1667, and Article 4 in the Treaty of Westminster, 1674, deal with the Vail. See also, for Tromp's Memorandum, Fulton, Appendix 1, p. 770.

[1] Nys (1894), p. 379. See Walker, History, i, p. 246, for Vasquez, a Spanish official (1509–66) and author (1564)—a precursor of Grotius for Mare Liberum; and pp. 278–83 for a summary of Grotius's book thus entitled. Grotius, c. vii, alludes to Vasquez (Vasquius) as 'decus illud Hispaniae, cuius nec in explorando iure subtilitatem, nec in docendo libertatem umquam desideres'. Vasquez was anticipated by the Spanish theologian and Franciscan monk, Alphonso de Castro (d. in 1558), in opposing the claims of the Genoese and Venetians to prohibit other nations from navigating the gulfs or bays of their respective seas. See Grotius, c. vii; and Nys, p. 352.

[2] Fulton (1911), pp. xxvi + 799.

[3] Especially vol. iii (Cabinet ed.), pp. 164-5 (on Grotius); vii, pp. 357–8, viii, p. 79, and 154-5 (on Selden); and The History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, vol. ii (Cabinet ed.), p. 172.

[4] Vol. i, 1205–1648, published in 1915: see pp. 484-90, 'Reglement of the Narrow Seas', 1634, setting forth the King of England’s Sovereignty in the four seas—'the seas commonly called the four English seas' (see State Papers, Domestic, cclxxix, No. 18), and p. 509 on the salute to the flag—the 'Vail'. Article 19 in the Treaty of Breda, 1667, and Article 4 in the Treaty of Westminster, 1674, deal with the Vail. See also, for Tromp's Memorandum, Fulton, Appendix 1, p. 770.

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