used is de, "by". E. g. ŝi est'as am'at'a de ĉiuj, "she is loved by every one".
7. Adverbs are formed by adding e to the root. The degrees of comparison are the same as in adjectives, e. g., mi'a frat'o kant'as pli bon'e ol mi, "my brother sings better than I".
8. All prepositions govern the nominative case.
C) GENERAL RULES
1. Every word is to be read exactly as written, there are no silent letters.
2. The accent falls on the last syllable but one, (penultimate).
3. Compound words are formed by the simple junction of roots, (the principal word standing last), which are written as a single word, but, in elementary works, sepated by a small line (, or '). Grammatical terminations are considered as independent words. E.g. vapor’ŝip’o, "steamboat" is composed of the roots vapor, "steam", and ŝip, "a boat", with the substantival termination o.
4. If there be one negative in a clause, a second is not admissible.
5. In phrases answering the question "where?" (meaning direction), the words take the termination of the objective case; e. g. kie'n vi ir'as? "where are you going?"; dom'o'n, "home"; London'o'n, "to London"; etc.
6. Every preposition in the international language has a definite fixed meaning. If it be necessary to employ some preposition, and it is not quite evident
