Belgium
There are a number of ERWT and extremist groups active in Belgium—the majority under investigation are neo-Nazi.
Finland
The Finnish XRW scene draws heavily on 'Cultural Nationalism', with groups such as Soldiers of Odin (SOO) and NRM framed as a response to the influx of refugees in 2015.
Iceland
NRM has a small presence in Iceland. In 2017, Australian national Brenton Tarrant (the Christchurch attacker) spent time in Iceland, ***.
ERWT activity in the US and Canada
116. In the US, ERWT has its roots in the 'white terrorism' perpetrated against African Americans during the 1860s-1870s, and later the anti-government ideology which motivated Timothy McVeigh's 1995 bombing in Oklahoma City.
117. As at January 2020, ERWT attacks have killed an estimated 110 people in the US since 9/11 (compared with 107 people killed by Islamist terror attacks in the same period).[1] In many cases, these attacks have been conducted by lone individuals who take advantage of America's permissive gun laws to fuel their attacks. EWRT is categorised as 'Racially and Ethnically motivated violent Extremism' in the US, which falls under the umbrella of 'Domestic Terrorism'—alongside all other terror incidents conducted by domestic attackers and motivated by domestic issues/organisations. 'Domestic Terrorism' is not a federal crime, and in most instances is dealt with by state police rather than federal law enforcement or intelligence services.[2] As a result, accurate statistics are not readily available on ERWT since some terrorist acts may have previously been described as hate crime or extremism.
118. Nevertheless, in the period 1 January 2019 to 26 September 2019 there were two ERWT attacks in the US, with a further six plots disrupted:[3]
- ↑ 'Terrorism in America, Part IV: What is the threat to the United States today?', New America Foundation, 2019.
- ↑ 'How many attacks will it take until the white-supremacist threat is taken seriously?', The Atlantic, 4 August 2019.
- ↑ ***
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