the Tertiary formations that fossil remains of algae become frequent. (See Palaeobotany.)
The subjoined list includes the larger standard works on algae, together with a number of papers to which reference is made in this article. For a detailed catalogue of Algological literature, see the “Bibliotheca Phycologica” in de Toni’s Syllope Algarum, vol. i. (1889), with the addendum thereto in vol. iv. (1897) of the same work.
General.—J. G. Agardh, Species, genera et ordines Algarum (vols. i.-iii., Lund, 1848–1898), Analecta Algologica (Lund, 1892–1896); Till Algernes Systematik (Lund, 1972–1899); J. E. Areschoug, “Observationes Phycologicae,” Nova Acta reg. soc. sci. Upsaliensis (Upsala, 1866–1875); F. F. Blackman, “The Primitive Algae and the Flagellata,” Ann. of Botany (vol. xiv., Oxford, 1900); E. Bornet and G. Thuret, Notes agologiques (fasc. i.-ii., Paris, 1976–1880); P. A. Dangeard, “Recherches sur les algues inférieures,” Ann. des sci. naturelles, Bot. (vol. vii., Paris, 1888); A. Derbes and A. J. J. Solier, Mémoire de la physiologie des algues (Paris, 1856); J. B. de Toni, Sylloge Algarum–vol. i. Chlorophyceae, vol. ii. Bacillariaceae, vol. iii. Fucoideae, vol. iv. Florideae (Padua, 1899–1900); P. Falkenberg, “Die Algen im weitesten Sinne,” Schenk’s Handbuch der Botanik (vol. ii., 1882); W. G. Farlow, Marine Algae of New England (Washington, 1881); W. H. Harvey, Phycologia Britannica (4 vols., London, 1846–1855); Nereis Boreali-Americana (3 pts., Washington, 1851–1858); Phycologia Australica (5 vols., London, 1858–1863); F. Hauck, “Die Meeresalgen Deutschlands und Österreichs,” Rabenhort’s Kryptogamen-Flora (Liepzig, 1885); F. R. Kjellman, The Algae of the Arctic Sea (Stockholm, 1883); F. T. Künzing, Tabulae Phycologicae (19 vols., Nordhausen, 1845–1869); P. Kuckuck, Beiträge sur Kenntniss der Meeresalgen (Kiel and Leipzig, 1897–1899); G. Murray, Phycological Memoirs (London, 1892–1895); An Introduction to the Study of Seaweeds (London, 1895); C. Naegeli, Die neueren Algensysteme (Zurich, 1847); F. Oltmanns, Morphologie und Biologie der Algen (Jena, Band i. 1904, Band ii. 1905); N. Pringsheim, “Beiträge zur Morphologie der Meeresalgen,” Abhand. Königl. Akad. der Wissensch. (Berlin, 1862); J. Reinke, Atlas deutscher Meeresalgen (Berlin, 1889–1892); F. Schütt, Das Pflanzenleben der Hochsee (Leipzig, 1893); J. Stackhouse, Nereis Britannica (ed. i., Bath, 1801; ed. ii., Oxford 1816); G. Thuret and E. Bornet, Études phycologiques (Paris, 1878); D. Turner, Historia Fucorum (4 vols., London, 1808–1819); G. Zanardini, Iconographia Phycologia Adriatica (Venice, 1860–1876).
1. Cyanophyceae.—E. Bornet and Ch. Flahault, “Revision des Nostocacées hétérocystées,” Ann. des sc. naturelles, Bot. (vols. iii.-vii., Paris, 1887–1888); M. Gomont, “Monographie des Oscillariées,” Ann. des sc. naturelles, Bot. (vols. xv.-xvi., Paris 1893); Hegler, “Über Kerntheilungserscheinungen,” Ref. Botan. Centralbl. (vol. lxiv., Cassel, 1895); O. Kirchner, “Schizophyceae,” in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien (Leipzig, 1900).
2. Chlorophyceae.—A. Borzi, “Studi anamorfici di alcune alghe verdi,” Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. in N. Giorn. Bot. Ital. (vol. xxii., Pisa, 1890); F. F. Blackman and A. G. Tansley, A Revision of the Classification of the Green Algae, reprinted from the New Phytologist (vol. i., London, 1903); K. Bohlin, “Studier öfver nagra slagten af alggruppen confervales Borzi,” Bihang till K. Svenska vel. akad. Handlinger (Bd. xxiii. afd. 3, 1897);—Utkasttill, De gröna algernas och arkegomiaternas bylogeni (Upsala, 1901); R. Chodat, “On the Polymorphism of the Green Algae,” Ann. of Botany (vol. xi., Oxford, 1897); M. C. Cooke, British Freshwater Algae (2 vols., London, 1882–1884), British Desmids (London, 1887); G. Klebs, Die Bedingungen der Fortpflanzung bei einigen Algen und Pilzen (Jena, 1896); A. Luther, “Über Chlorosaccus, n.g.” Bihang till K. Svenska vel. akad. Handlinger (Bd. xxiv. afd. 3. 1899); H. Graf zu Solms-Laubach, “Monograph of the Acetabulariaceae,” Trans. Linn. Soc. (Lond.) Bot. (London, 1895); N. Wille, “Chlorophyceae,” in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien (Leipzig, 1897).
3. Phaeophyceae.—E. A. L. Batters, “On Ectocarpus secundus,” Grevillea (vol. xxi., London, 1893); G. Berthold, “Die geschlechtliche Fortpflanzung der eigentlichen Phaeosporeen,” Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel (vol. ii., Leipzig, 1881); G. Brebner, “On the Classification of the Tilopteridaceae,” Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. (vol. viii., Bristol, 1896–1897); A. H. Church, “On the Polymorphy of Cutleria multifida,” Ann. of Botany (vol. xii., Oxford, 1898); J. B. Farmer and J. Ll. Williams, “Contributions to our Knowledge of the Life-history and Cytology of Fucaceae,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (vol. cxc., London, 1898); E. Janczewski, “Observations sur l’accroissement du thalle des Phaeosporées,” Mém. soc. nat. de sc. (Cherbourg, 1895); F. R. Kjellmann, “Phaeophyceae,” in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien (Leipzig, 1897); F. Oltmanns, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fucaceen,” Bibliotheca botanica, xiv. (Cassel, 1889); C. Sauvageau, “Observations relatives à la sexualité des Phaeosporées,” Journal de botanique (vol. x., Paris, 1896); E. Strasburger, “Kerntheilung und Befruchtung bei Fucus,” Cytologische Studien (Berlin, 1897); F. Schütt, Die Peridinien der Plankton-Expedition (Kiel and Leipzig, 1895); R. Valiante, Le Cystoseirae del Golfo di Napoli (Leipzig, 1883); J. Ll. Williams, “On the Antherozoids of Dictyota and Taonia,” Ann. of Botany (vol. xi., Oxford, 1897).
4. Rhodophyceae.—G. Berthold, “Die Bangiacen des Golfes von Neapel,” Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel (Naples, 1882); F. Oltmanns, “Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Florideen,” Botanische Zeitung (1898); R. W. Phillips, “The Development of the Cystocarp in Rhodymeniales,” i. and ii., Annals of Botany (vols. xi. xii., Oxford, 1897–1898); F. Schmitz, “Untersuchungen über die Befruchtung der Florideen,” Sitzungsber. der königl. Akad der Wissensch. (Berlin, 1883); “Kleinere Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Florideen,” La Nuova Notarisia, 1892–1894; F. Schmitz, P. Falkenberg, P. Hauptfleisch, “Rhodophyceae,” in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien (1897); W. Schmidle, “Die Befruchtung, Keimung und Haarinsertion von Batrachospermum,” Bot. Zeitung (1899); Sirodot, Les Batrachospermes (Paris, 1884); N. Wille, “Über die Befruchtung bei Nemalion multifidum,” Ber. d. deutschen bot. Gesellsc. Band xii. (Berlin, 1894); J. J. Wolfe, “Cytological Studies on Nemalion,” Annals of Botany (vol. xviii., Oxford, 1904); S. Yamanouchi, “The Life-History of Polysiphonia violacea,” Botanical Gazette (vol. xli., Chicago, 1906). (R. W. P.)
ALGARDI, ALESSANDRO (1602–1654), Italian sculptor, was born at Bologna in 1602. While he was attending the school of the Caracci his preference for the plastic art became evident, and he placed himself under the instruction of the sculptor Conventi. At the age of twenty he was brought under the notice of Duke Ferdinand of Mantua, who gave him several commissions. He was also much employed about the same period by jewellers and others in modelling in gold, silver and ivory. After a short residence in Venice he went to Rome in 1625 with an introduction from the duke of Mantua to the pope’s nephew, Cardinal Ludovisi, who employed him for a time in the restoration of ancient statues. The death of the duke of Mantua left him to his own resources, and for several years he earned a precarious maintenance from these restorations and the commissions of goldsmiths and jewellers. In 1640 he executed for Pietro Buoncompagni his first work in marble, a colossal statue of San Filippo Neri, with kneeling angels. Immediately after, he produced a similar group, representing the execution of St Paul, for the church of the Barnabite Fathers in Bologna. These works, displaying great technical skill, though with considerable exaggeration of expression and attitude, at once established Algardi’s reputation, and other commissions followed in rapid succession. The turning point in Algardi’s fortune was the accession of Innocent X., of the Bolognese house of Panfili, to the papal throne in 1644. He was employed by Camillo Panfili, nephew of the pontiff, to design the Villa Doria Panfili outside the San Pancrazio gate. The most important of Algardi’s other works were the monument of Leo XI., a bronze statue of Innocent X. for the capitol, and, above all, La Fuega d’Attila, the largest alto-relievo in the world, the two principal figures being about 10 ft. high. In 1650 Algardi met Velasquez, who obtained some interesting orders for his Italian companion in Spain. Thus there are four chimneys by Algardi in the palace of Aranjuez, where also the figures on the fountain of Neptune were executed by him. The Augustine monastery at Salamanca contains the tomb of the count and countess de Monterey, which was also the work of Algardi. From an artistic point of view, he was most successful in his portrait-statues and groups of children, where he was obliged to follow nature most closely. In his later years he became very avaricious and amassed a great fortune. He died in Rome on the 10th of June 1654.
See Le arti di Bologna disegnate da A. Caracci ed intagliati da S. Giulini, con’ assistenza d’Alessandro A. Algardi (1740).
ALGAROTH, POWDER OF, a basic chloride of antimony. It was known to Basil Valentine, and was used medicinally by the Veronese physician Victor Algarotus about the end of the 16th century. Its composition is probably Sb4O5Cl2, and it may be prepared by the addition of much water to a solution of antimony chloride; a bulky amorphous precipitate being formed, which, on standing, gradually becomes crystalline. It is soluble in hydrochloric acid and tartaric acid, but insoluble in alcohol.
On its composition and preparation see E. Péligot, Annalen, 1847, lxiv. 280; L. Schäffer, Annalen, 1869, clii. 314; and R. W. E. MacIvor, Chem. News, 1875, xxxii. 229.
ALGAROTTI, FRANCESCO, Count (1712–1764), Italian philosopher and writer on art, was born on the 11th of December 1712 at Venice, and died at Pisa in 1764. He studied at Rome and Bologna, and at the age of twenty went to Paris, where he enjoyed the friendship of Voltaire and produced his great
