church for the French exiles. His reputation for learning was such as to obtain for him, soon after his arrival, the degree of doctor of divinity from both universities, and in 1690 he received from Bishop Burnet the more substantial honour of the treasurership and a canonry in Salisbury Cathedral. He died at London in March 1717. The works of Allix, which are numerous, are chiefly of a controversial and apologetic character, and must be used with caution. In opposition to Bossuet he published Some Remarks upon the Ecclesiastical History of the Ancient Churches of Piedmont (1690), and Remarks upon the Ecclesiastical History of the Ancient Churches of the Albigenses (1692), with the idea of showing that the Albigenses were not Manichaeans, but historically identical with the Waldenses.
ALLMAN, GEORGE JAMES (1812–1898), British biologist,
was born in Cork, Ireland, in 1812, and received his early education
at the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast. For some
time he studied for the Irish bar, but ultimately gave up law in
favour of natural science. In 1843 he graduated in medicine at
Dublin, and in the following year was appointed professor of
botany in that university, succeeding his namesake, William
Allman (1776–1846). This position he held for about twelve
years until he removed to Edinburgh as regius professor of
natural history. There he remained till 1870, when considerations
of health induced him to resign his professorship and retire
to Dorsetshire, where he devoted himself to his favourite pastime
of horticulture. The scientific papers which came from his pen
are very numerous. His most important work was upon the
gymnoblastic hydrozoa, on which he published in 1871–1872,
through the Ray Society, an exhaustive monograph, based
largely on his own researches and illustrated with drawings of
remarkable excellence from his own hand. Biological science
is also indebted to him for several convenient terms which have
come into daily use, e.g. endoderm and ectoderm for the two
cellular layers of the body-wall in Coelenterata. He became a
fellow of the Royal Society in 1854, and received a Royal medal
in 1873. For several years he occupied the presidential chair of
the Linnaean Society, and in 1879 he presided over the Sheffield
meeting of the British Association. He died on the 24th of
November 1898 at Parkstone, Dorsetshire.
ALLOA, a municipal and police burgh and seaport of Clackmannanshire,
Scotland. It is situated on the north bank of the
Forth, 32 m. from Edinburgh by the North British railway
via the Forth Bridge, and 28 m. from Leith by steamer. Pop.
(1891) 12,643; (1901) 14,458. The Caledonian railway enters the
town from the south-west by a bridge across the river, and also
owns a ferry to South Alloa, on the opposite shore, in Stirlingshire.
Between Alloa and Stirling the stream forms the famous
“links,” the course being so sinuous that whereas by road the
two towns are but 612 m. apart, the distance between them by
river is nearly 12 m.
For its size and population the town enjoys unusual prosperity, in consequence of its several flourishing industries. Its manufactures of yarn are on the largest scale, the spinning mills often working night and day for many months together. There are also numerous breweries, and Alloa ale has always been famous. The great distillery at Carsebridge yields an immense supply of yeast as well as whisky. Other thriving trades include the glass-works on the shore, pottery-works in the “auld toon,” dye-works and a factory for the making of electrical appliances. There is a good deal of shipbuilding, some ironfounding and a brass foundry. The chief article of export is coal from the neighbouring collieries, the other leading exports being ale, whisky, glass and manufactured goods. The imports comprise timber, grain, iron, linseed and flax. The docks, accessible only at high water, include a wet basin and a dry dock. Amongst the principal buildings are the fine Gothic parish church, with a spire 200 ft. high; the town hall, including the free public library, from designs by Alfred Waterhouse, R.A., the gift of Mr J. Thomson Paton; the county and municipal buildings; handsome public baths and gymnasium, presented to the town by Mr David Thomson; the accident hospital; the fever hospital; the museum of the Natural Science and Archaeological Society; the academy, the burgh school and a secondary school with the finest technical equipment in Scotland, given by Mr A. Forrester Paton. There is a public park, besides bowling-greens and cricket and football fields. The old burying-ground was the kirkyard of the former parish church, the tower of which still exists, but a modern cemetery has been formed in Sunnyside. The town owns the water-supply, gas-works and electric-lighting.
Alloa Park, the seat of the earl of Mar and Kellie, is in the immediate vicinity, and in its grounds stand the ruins of Alloa Tower, an ancient structure 89 ft. high, with walls 11 ft. thick, which was built about 1315, and was once the residence of the powerful family of Erskine, descendants of the earl of Mar. The earl who promoted the Jacobite rising in 1715 was born here. Many of the Scots princes received their education as wards of the Lords Erskine and the earls of Mar, the last to be thus educated being Henry, the eldest son of James VI.
ALLOBROGES (in Gr. usually Ἀλλόβριγες), a Celtic tribe in the north of Gallia Narbonensis, inhabiting the low ground called the “island” between the Rhodanus, the Isara and the Graian Alps, corresponding to the modern Dauphiné and Savoy. If the name is rightly interpreted as meaning “aliens,” they would seem to have driven out the original inhabitants. Their chief towns were Vienna (Vienne), Genava (Geneva) and Cularo (afterwards Gratianopolis, whence Grenoble). The Allobroges first occur in history as taking part with Hannibal in the invasion of Italy. After the subjugation of the Salluvii (Salyes) by the Romans in 123 B.C., having given shelter to their king Tutomotulus and refused to surrender him, the Allobroges were attacked and finally defeated (August 8, 121) at the junction of the Rhodanus and Isara by Q. Fabius Maximus (afterwards Allobrogicus). But they still remained hostile to Rome, as is shown by the conduct of their ambassadors in the Catilinarian conspiracy (63; see Catiline); two years later a revolt under Catugnatus was put down by Gaius Pomptinus at Solonium. Under Augustus they were included in Gallia Narbonensis; later, in the Viennensis.
See A. Desjardins, Géographie historique de la Gaule romaine, ii. (1876–1893); E. Herzog, Galliae Narbonensis Historia (Leipzig, 1864); Mommsen, Hist. of Rome (Eng. trans.), bk. iii. ch. 4, iv. ch. 5; T. R. Holmes, Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul (1899); G. Long in Smith’s Dict. of Greek and Roman Geography; M. Ihm in Pauly-Wissowa’s Realencyclopädie, i. 2 (1894); A. Holder, Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz; and bibliography in La grande encyclopédie (s.v.).
ALLOCATUR (from med. Lat. allocatur. it is allowed}, in law, a certificate given by a taxing master, at the termination of an action, for the allowance of costs.
ALLOCUTION (Lat. allocutio, an address), a name given to the formal addresses made by the pope to the College of Cardinals and through them to the church generally. They are usually called forth by ecclesiastical or political circumstances, and aim at safeguarding papal principles and claims. They are published by being affixed to the door of St Peter’s Church.
ALLODIUM, or Alodium, a legal term for lands which are the absolute property of their owner, and not subject to any service or acknowledgment to a superior. It is thus the opposite of fe-odum or fief. The proper derivation of the word has been much discussed and is still doubtful, though it is probably compounded of all, whole or entire, and odh, property. Allodial tenure seems to have been common throughout northern Europe. It exists in Orkney and Shetland, but is unknown in England, the feudal system having been made universal by William the Conqueror.
ALLOMEROUS (Gr. ἄλλος, other μέρος, part), the quality of bodies (e.g. mineral) by virtue of which they can change their elements and proportions while preserving their form.
ALLON, HENRY (1818–1892), English Nonconformist divine, was born on the 13th of October 1818 at Welton near Hull in Yorkshire. Under Methodist influence he decided to enter the ministry, but, developing Congregational ideas, was trained at Cheshunt College. In 1844 he became co-pastor with the Rev. Thomas Lewis of Union Chapel, Islington. In 1852, on the death of Lewis, Allon became sole pastor, and this position he held with increasing influence till his death in 1892. Union Chapel,
