counties of Hereford, Gloucester, Worcester, Monmouth, Devon and Somerset, and by subscription of members. The objects of the institute are the promotion of research into the causes of the changes which occur in cider and perry during fermentation, with the view of imparting to these liquors a degree of exactitude hitherto unattainable; the adoption from time to time of improved machinery and methods in cider-making; the detection of adulteration; the giving of instruction in the principles and practice of cider-making; the publication of reports detailing the results of the researches undertaken at the institute; the testing and selection of the sorts of fruit best suited for vintage purposes; the propagation of useful varieties likely from neglect to go out of cultivation; and the conducting of experiments in regard to the best systems of planting and protecting young fruit trees.
Fruit-growers who look to cider-making “as a means of utilizing windfalls and small and inferior apples of cooking and dessert varieties not worth sending to market” should be warned that it is as important to the cider industry that good cider only should be on sale as it is to the fruit-growing industry that good fruit only should be sent to market. The juice of the apple is naturally affected by the condition of the fruit itself, and if this be unripe, unsound or worm-eaten the cider made from it will be inferior to that made from full-grown, ripe and sound fruit. If such fruit be not good enough to send to market, neither will the cider made from it be good enough to place before the public. Nevertheless, it may furnish a sufficiently palatable drink for home consumption, and may therefore be so utilized. But when, as happens from time to time in fruit-growing districts, there is a glut, and even the best table fruit is not saleable at a profit, then, indeed, cider-making is a means of storing in a liquid form what would otherwise be left to rot on the ground; whilst if a proportion of vintage fruit were mixed therewith, a drink would be produced which would not discredit the cider trade, and would bring a fair return to the maker. (C. W. R. C.)
CIENFUEGOS, NICASIO ÁLVAREZ DE (1764–1809), Spanish poet and publicist, was born at Madrid on the 14th of December 1764. He studied with distinction at Salamanca, where he met
the poet Melendez Valdés. His poems, published in 1778,
immediately attracted attention. He was successively editor
of the Gaceta and Mercurio, and was condemned to death for
having published an article against Napoleon; on the petition
of his friends, he was respited and deported to France; he died
at Orthez early in the following year. His verses are modelled
on those of Melendez Valdés; though not deficient in technique
or passion, they are often disfigured by spurious sentimentality
and by the flimsy philosophy of the age. Cienfuegos was blamed
for an unsparing use of both archaisms and gallicisms. His
plays, Pitaco, Zoraida, La Condesa de Castilla and Idomeneo,
four tragedies on the pseudo-classic French model, and Las Hermanas generosas, a comedy, are deservedly forgotten.
CIENFUEGOS (originally Fernandina De Jagua), one of the principal cities of Cuba, in Santa Clara province, near the central portion of the S. coast, 195 m. E.S.E. of Havana. Pop. (1907)
30,100. Cienfuegos is served by the United railways and by
steamers connecting with Santiago, Batabanó, Trinidad and
the Isle of Pines. It lies about 6 m. from the sea on a peninsula
in the magnificent landlocked bay of Jagua. Vessels drawing
16 ft. have direct access to the wharves. A circular railway
about the water-front, wharves and warehouses facilitates the
loading and unloading of vessels. The city streets are broad
and regularly laid out. There is a handsome cathedral; and
the Tomas Terry theatre (given to the city by the heirs of
one of the millionaire sugar planters of the jurisdiction), the
governor’s house (1841–1844), the military and government
hospitals, market place and railway station are worthy of note.
In the Cathedral Square (Plaza de Armas), embracing two
city-squares, and shaded—like all the plazas of the island—with
laurels and royal palms, are a statue of Isabel the Catholic,
and two marble lions given by Queen Isabel II.; elsewhere there
are statues of General Clouet and Marshal Serrano, once captain-general.
The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has an
abundant water-supply, and cable connexion with Europe,
the United States, other Antilles and South America. The
surrounding country is one of the prettiest and most fertile
regions in Cuba, varied with woods, rivers, rocky gulches,
beautiful cascades and charming tropic vegetation. Several
of the largest and finest sugar estates in the world are situated in
the vicinity, including the Soledad (with a botanical experiment
station maintained by Harvard University), the Terry and
others—most of them connected with the city by good driveways.
Cienfuegos is a centre of the sugar trade on the south
coast; tobacco too is exported.
The bay of Jagua was visited by Columbus. The city was founded in 1819, with the aid of the Spanish government, by a Louisianian, General Luis de Clouet; it was destroyed by a hurricane and was rebuilt in 1825. Many naturalized foreign Catholics, including Americans, were among the original settlers. The settlement was first named in honour of Ferdinand VII., and later in honour of Captain-General José Cienfuegos Jovellanos. The harbour was known from the earliest times, and has been declared by Mahan to be the most important of the Caribbean Sea for strategic purposes. In 1740–1745 a fortification called Nuestra Señora de los Angeles was erected at the entrance; it is still standing, on a steep bluff overlooking the sea, and is one of the most picturesque of the old fortifications of the island. On the 11th of May 1898 a force from two vessels of the United States fleet under Admiral Schley, searching for Cervera and blockading the port, cut two of the three cables here (at Point Colorado, at the entrance of the harbour), and for the first time in the Spanish-American War the American troops were under fire.
CIEZA, a town of south-eastern Spain, in the province of
Murcia, on the right bank of the river Segura, and on the
Madrid-Cartagena railway. Pop. (1900) 13,626. Cieza is built in a
narrow bend of the Segura valley, which is enclosed on the north
by mountains, and on the south broadens into a fertile plain,
producing grain, wine, olives, raisins, oranges and esparto grass.
In the town itself there are flour and paper mills, sawmills and
brandy distilleries. Between 1870 and 1900 local trade and
population increased rapidly, owing partly to improved means
of communication; and the appearance of Cieza is thoroughly
modern.
CIGAR, the common term for tobacco-leaf prepared for smoking
by being rolled into a short cylinder tapering to a point at
the end which is placed in the mouth, the other end, which is
lighted, being usually cut square (see Tobacco). The Spanish
cigarro is of doubtful origin, possibly connected with cigarra,
a cicada, from its resemblance to the body of that insect, or with
cigarral, a word of Arabic origin meaning a pleasure garden.
The explanation that it comes from a Cuban word for a certain
species of tobacco is probably erroneous, since no native word
of the kind is known. The diminutive, cigarette, denotes a roll
of cut tobacco enclosed usually in thin paper, but sometimes
also in tobacco-leaf or the husk of Indian corn.
CIGNANI, CARLO (1628–1719), Italian painter, was born of a noble family at Bologna, where he studied under Battista Cairo, and afterwards under Francesco Albani. Though an intimate friend of the latter, and his most famous disciple, Cignani was yet strongly and deeply influenced by the genius of Correggio. His greatest work, moreover, the “Assumption of the Virgin,” round the cupola of the church of the Madonna della Fuoca at Forli, which occupied him some twenty years, and is in some respects one of the most remarkable works of art of the 17th century, is obviously inspired from the more renowned fresco of Correggio in the cupola of the cathedral of Parma. Cignani had some of the defects of his masters; his elaborate finish, his audacious artificiality in the use of colour and in composition, mark the disciple of Albani; but he imparted to his work a more intellectual character than either of his models, and is not without other remarkable merits of his own. As a man Cignani was eminently amiable, unassuming and generous. His success, however, made him many enemies; and the envy of some of these is said to have impelled them to deface certain of his works.
