separate articles. Almagro (7974) and Daimiel (11,825), in the district of La Mancha known as the Campo de Calatrava, belonged in the later middle ages to the knightly Order of Calatrava, which was founded in 1158 to keep the Moors in check. Almagro was long almost exclusively inhabited by monks and knights, and contains several interesting churches and monasteries, besides the castle of the knights, now used as barracks. Almagro is further celebrated for its lace, Daimiel for its medicinal salts. Tomelloso (13,929) is one of the chief market towns of La Mancha. Education is very backward, largely owing to the extreme poverty which has frequently brought the inhabitants to the verge of famine. (See also Castile.)
CIUDAD REAL, the capital formerly of La Mancha, and
since 1833 of the province described above; 107 m. S. of Madrid,
on the Madrid-Badajoz-Lisbon and Ciudad Real-Manzanares
railways. Pop. (1900) 15,255. Ciudad Real lies in the midst
of a wide plain, watered on the north by the river Guadiana,
and on the south by its tributary the Jabalon. Apart from the
remnants of its 13th-century fortifications, and one Gothic
church of immense size, built without aisles, the town contains
little of interest; its public buildings—town-hall, barracks,
churches, hospital and schools—being in no way distinguished
above those of other provincial capitals. There are no important
local manufactures, and the trade of the town consists chiefly
in the weekly sales of agricultural produce and live-stock.
Ciudad Real was founded by Alphonso X. of Castile (1252–1284),
and fortified by him as a check upon the Moorish power. Its
original name of Villarreal was changed to Ciudad Real by John
VI. in 1420. During the Peninsular War a Spanish force was
defeated here by the French, on the 27th of March 1809.
CIUDAD RODRIGO, a town of western Spain, in the province
of Salamanca, situated 8 m. E. of the Portuguese frontier, on
the right bank of the river Agueda, and the railway from
Salamanca to Coimbra in Portugal. Pop. (1900) 8930. Ciudad
Rodrigo is an episcopal see, and was for many centuries an
important frontier fortress. Its cathedral dates from 1190,
but was restored in the 15th century. The remnants of a Roman
aqueduct, the foundations of a bridge across the Agueda, and
other remains, seem to show that Ciudad Rodrigo occupies the
site of a Roman settlement. It was founded in the 12th century
by Count Rodrigo Gonzalez, from whom its name is derived.
During the Peninsular War, it was captured by the French
under Marshal Ney, in 1810; but on the 19th of January 1812
it was retaken by the British under Viscount Wellington, who,
for this exploit, was created earl of Wellington, duke of Ciudad
Rodrigo, and marquess of Torres Vedras, in Portugal.
CIVERCHIO, VINCENZO, an early 16th-century Italian painter,
born at Crema. There are altar-pieces by him at Brescia, and
at Crema the altar-piece at the duomo (1509). His “Birth of
Christ” is in the Brera, Milan; and at Lovere are other of
his works dating from 1539 and 1540.
CIVET, or properly Civet-cat, the designation of the more
typical representatives of the mammalian family Viverridae
(see Carnivora). Civets are characterized by the possession
of a deep pouch in the neighbourhood of the genital organs,
into which the substance known as civet is poured from the
glands by which it is secreted. This fatty substance is at first
semifluid and yellow, but afterwards acquires the consistency
of pomade and becomes darker. It has a strong musky odour,
exceedingly disagreeable to those unaccustomed to it, but “when
properly diluted and combined with other scents it produces
a very pleasing effect, and possesses a much more floral fragrance
than musk, indeed it would be impossible to imitate some
flowers without it.” The African civet (Viverra civetta) is from
2 to 3 ft. in length, exclusive of the tail, which is half the length
of the body, and stands from 10 to 12 in. high. It is covered
with long hair, longest on the middle line of the back, where it
is capable of being raised or depressed at will, of a dark-grey
colour, with numerous transverse black bands and spots. In
habits it is chiefly nocturnal, and by preference carnivorous,
feeding on birds and the smaller quadrupeds, in pursuit of which
it climbs trees, but it is said also to eat fruits, roots and other
vegetable matters. In a state of captivity the civet is never
completely tamed, and only kept for the sake of its perfume,
which is obtained in largest quantity from the male, especially
when in good condition and subjected to irritation, being scraped
from the pouch with a small spoon usually twice a week. The
zibeth (Viverra zibetha) is a widely distributed species extending
from Arabia to Malabar, and throughout several of the larger
islands of the Indian Archipelago. It is smaller than the true
civet, and wants the dorsal crest. In the wild state it does
great damage among poultry, and frequently makes off with
the young of swine and sheep. When hunted it makes a determined
resistance, and emits a scent so strong as even to sicken
the dogs, who nevertheless are exceedingly fond of the sport,
and cannot be got to pursue any other game while the stench
of the zibeth is in their nostrils. In confinement, it becomes
comparatively tame, and yields civet in considerable quantity.
In preparing this for the market it is usually spread out on the
leaves of the pepper plant in order to free it from the hairs that
have become detached from the pouch. On the Malabar coast
this species is replaced by V. civettina. The small Indian civet
or rasse (Viverricula malaccensis) ranges from Madagascar
through India to China, the Malay Peninsula, and the islands
of the Archipelago. It is almost 3 ft. long including the tail,
and prettily marked with dark longitudinal stripes, and spots
which have a distinctly linear arrangement. The perfume,
which is extracted in the same way as in the two preceding
species, is highly valued and much used by the Javanese. Although
this animal is said to be an expert climber it usually
inhabits holes in the ground. It is frequently kept in captivity
in the East, and becomes tame. Fossil remains of extinct
civets are found in the Miocene strata of Europe.
CIVIDALE DEL FRIULI (anc. Forum Iulii), a town of Venetia,
Italy, in the province of Udine, 10 m. E. by N. by rail from the
town of Udine; 453 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1001) town, 4143;
commune, 9061. It is situated on the river Natisone, which
forms a picturesque ravine here. It contains some interesting
relics of the art of the 8th century. The cathedral of the 15th
century contains an octagonal marble canopy with sculptures
in relief, with a font below it belonging to the 8th century, but
altered later. The high altar has a fine silver altar front of 1185.
The museum contains various Roman and Lombard antiquities,
and valuable MSS. and works of art in gold, silver and ivory
formerly belonging to the cathedral chapter. The small church
of S. Maria in Valle belongs to the 8th century, and contains
fine decorations in stucco which probably belong to the 11th
or 12th century. The fine 15th-century Ponte del Diavolo
leads to the church of S. Martino, which contains an altar of
the 8th century with reliefs executed by order of the Lombard
king Ratchis. At Cividale were born Paulus Diaconus, the
historian of the Lombards in the time of Charlemagne, and the
actress Adelaide Ristori (1822–1906).
The Roman town (a municipium) of Forum Iulii was founded either by Julius Caesar or by Augustus, no doubt at the same time as the construction of the Via Iulia Augusta, which passed through Utina (Udine) on its way north. After the decay of Aquileia and Iulium Carnicum (Zuglio) it became the chief town of the district of Friuli and gave its name to it. The patriarchs of Aquileia resided here from 773 to 1031, when they returned to Aquileia, and finally in 1238 removed to Udine. This last change of residence was the origin of the antagonism between Cividale and Udine, which was only terminated by their surrender to Venice in 1419 and 1420 respectively.
CIVILIS, CLAUDIUS, or more correctly, Julius, leader of the Batavian revolt against Rome (A.D. 69–70). He was twice imprisoned on a charge of rebellion, and narrowly escaped execution. During the disturbances that followed the death of Nero, he took up arms under pretence of siding with Vespasian and induced the inhabitants of his native country to rebel. The Batavians, who had rendered valuable aid under the early emperors, had been well treated in order to attach them to the cause of Rome. They were exempt from tribute, but were obliged to supply a large number of men for the army, and the
