Louis, the Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville railways, and by the Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction line (electric). It has a good water-power, and among its manufactures are wagons and carriages, axles, furniture, flour and electric signs. The water-works are owned and operated by the city. Connersville was first settled about the close of the war of 1812; was laid out in 1817 by John Conner, in whose honour it was named; and received a city charter in 1869.
CONNOR (or O’Connor), BERNARD (1666–1698), English physician, was born in Kerry, Ireland, and after studying at Montpellier and Paris, graduated at Reims in 1691. Having travelled through Italy with the two sons of the high chancellor of Poland, he was introduced at the court of Warsaw, and appointed physician to John Sobieski, king of Poland. In 1695 he went to England, where he lectured at Oxford, London and Cambridge, and became a member of the Royal Society and of the College of Physicians. He was the author of a treatise entitled Evangelium Medici (1697), in which he endeavoured to explain the Christian miracles as due to natural causes, and of a History of Poland (1698). He died in London in 1698.
CONNOTATION, in logic, a term (largely due to J. S. Mill) equivalent to Intension, which is used to describe the sum of the qualities regarded as belonging to any given thing and involved in the name by which it is known; thus the term “elephant” connotes the having a trunk, a certain shape of body, texture of skin, and so on. It is clear that as scientific knowledge advances the Connotation or Intension of terms increases, and, therefore, that the Connotation of the same term may vary considerably according to the knowledge of the person who uses it. Again, if a limiting adjective is added to a noun (e.g. African elephant), the Connotation obviously increases. In all argument it is essential that the speakers should be in agreement as to the Intension of the words they use. General terms such as “Socialism,” “Slavery,” “Liberty,” and technical terms in philosophy and theology are frequently the cause of controversies which would not arise if the disputants were agreed as to the Intension or Connotation of the terms. In addition Connotative terms, as those which imply attributes, are opposed to Non-Connotative, which merely denote things without implying attributes. See also Denotation; and any text-books on elementary logic, e.g. T. Fowler or W. S. Jevons.
CONOID (Gr. κῶνος, cone, and εῖδος, form), in geometry, the solids (or surfaces) formed by the revolution of a conic section about one of its principal axes. If the conic be a circle the conoid is a sphere (q.v.); if an ellipse a spheroid (q.v.); if a parabola a paraboloid; if a hyperbola the surface is a hyperboloid of either one or two sheets according as the revolution takes place about the conjugate or transverse axis, and the surface generated by the asymptotes is called the “asymptotic cone.” If two intersecting straight lines be regarded as a conic, then the principal axes are the bisectors of the angles between the lines; consequently the corresponding conoid is a right circular cone. It is to be noted that all these surfaces are surfaces of revolution; and they, therefore, differ from the surfaces discussed under the same names in the article Geometry: Analytical.
The spheroid has for its Cartesian equation (𝑥2+𝑦2) /𝑎2 +𝑧2/𝑏2＝1; the hyperboloid of one sheet (of revolution) is (𝑥2+𝑦2)/𝑎2−𝑧2/𝑏2＝1; the hyperboloid of two sheets is 𝑧2/𝑐2−(𝑥2+𝑦2)/𝑎2＝1; and the paraboloid of revolution is 𝑥2+𝑦2＝4𝑎𝑧.
CONOLLY, JOHN (1794–1866), English physician, was born at Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, of an Irish family, on the 27th of May 1794. He graduated M.D. at Edinburgh in 1821. After practising at Lewes, Chichester and Stratford-on-Avon successively, he was appointed professor of the practice of medicine at University College, London, in 1828. In 1830 he published a work on the Indications of Insanity, and soon afterwards settled at Warwick. In 1832 in co-operation with Sir Charles Hastings and Sir John Forbes, he founded a small medical association with a view to raising the standard of provincial practice. In later years this grew in importance and membership, and finally became the British Medical Association. In 1839 he was elected resident physician to the Middlesex County Asylum at Hanwell. In this capacity he made his name famous by carrying out in its entirety and on a large scale the principle of non-restraint in the treatment of the insane. This principle had been acted on in two small asylums—William Tuke’s Retreat near York, and the Lincoln Asylum; but it was due to the energy of Conolly in sweeping away all mechanical restraint in the great metropolitan lunatic hospital, in the face of strong opposition, that the principle became diffused over the whole kingdom, and accepted as fundamental. In 1844 he ceased to be resident physician at Hanwell, but remained visiting physician until 1852. He died on the 5th of March 1866 at Hanwell, where in the later part of his life he had a private asylum. His works include Construction and Government of Lunatic Asylums (1847); The Treatment of the Insane without Mechanical Restraints (1856); and an Essay on Hamlet (1863).
CONON, son of Timotheus, Athenian general. After having held several commands during the Peloponnesian War, he was chosen as one of the ten generals who superseded Alcibiades in 406 B.C. He was defeated by the Spartan Callicratidas and shut up in Mytilene. The Athenian victory at Arginusae rescued him from his dangerous situation, and as he had not been present at the battle, he was not tried with the other generals, and was allowed to retain his command. In 405, however, the Athenian fleet was surprised by Lysander, at Aegospotami, and Conon with difficulty managed to escape with eight ships to his friend Evagoras, king of Cyprus. On the outbreak of the war between Sparta and the Persians (400) he obtained from King Artaxerxes joint command with Pharnabazus of a Persian fleet. In 394 he defeated the Lacedaemonians near Cnidus, and thus deprived them of the empire of the sea, which they had held since the taking of Athens. Sailing down the Aegean to Athens, he expelled the Lacedaemonian harmosts from most of the maritime towns, and finally completed his services to his country by restoring the long walls and the fortifications of the Peiraeus. According to one account, he was put to death by Tiribazus, when on an embassy from Athens to the Persian court to counteract the intrigues of Sparta; but it seems more probable that he escaped to Cyprus and died there about 390.
See Xenophon, Hellenica, iv. 3. 8; Justin vi. 3; Cornelius Nepos, Conon; Lysias, De bonis Aristophanis, 41-44; Isocrates, Panegyricus, 41; M. Schmidt, Das Leben Konons (1873), with notes and references to authorities.
CONON, Greek astronomer and geometrician, flourished at Samos in the 3rd century B.C. He was the friend of Archimedes, who survived him. Conon is best known in connexion with the Coma Berenices (Hair of Berenice). Berenice, the wife of Ptolemy Euergetes, had dedicated her hair in the temple of Arsinoë of Zephyrium (Aphrodite Zephyritis) as an offering to secure the safe return of her husband from his Syrian expedition. It disappeared from the temple, and was declared by Conon to have been placed among the stars. The incident formed the subject of a poem by Callimachus, of which only a few lines are preserved, but we still possess the imitation of it by Catullus. Conon is also considered the inventor of the curve known as the “Spiral of Archimedes.” He wrote a work on astronomy, which contained a collection of the observations of solar eclipses made by the Chaldaeans, and drew up a parapegma, or meteorological calendar, from his own observations. He also investigated the question of the number of points of intersection of two conics, and his researches probably formed the basis of the 4th book of the Conics of Apollonius of Perga.
CONON, grammarian and mythographer, flourished at Rome in the time of Caesar and Augustus. He was the author of a collection of myths and legends, relating chiefly to the foundation of colonies. The work, dedicated to Archelaus Philopator, king of Cappadocia, contained 50 Narratives (Διηγήματα, Narrationes); an epitome, accompanied by brief criticisms, has been preserved in Photius (cod. 186). The style is good, being founded on the best Attic models, and the whole is agreeable to read. Nicolaus of Damascus is said to have made considerable use of the work (edition by U. Höfer, 1890).
