Archiv für slavische Philologie; the historians Šime Ljubić (1822–1896) and Vjekoslav Klaić, author of several standard works on Croatia and the Croats; the lexicographer Bogoslav Šulek (1816–1895); the ethnographer and philologist Franko Karelac (1811–1874). In Dalmatia, where the Ragusan journal Slovinac has served, like the Agram Rad, as a focus of literary activity, there have been numerous poets and prose writers, associated, in many cases, with the Illyrist or the nationalist propaganda. Among these may be mentioned Count Medo Pučić (1821–1882), and the dramatist Matija Ban (1818–1903), whose tragedy Meyrimah is considered by many the finest dramatic poem in the Serbo-Croatian language.
Authorities.—For the topography, products, inhabitants and modern condition of Croatia-Slavonia, see Bau und Bild Österreichs, by C. Diener, F. E. Suess, R. Hoernes and V. Uhlig (Leipzig, 1903); Die österreich-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, vol. xxiv., edited by J. von Weilen (Vienna, 1902); Führer durch Ungarn, Kroatien und Slawonien, by B. Alföldi (Vienna, 1900); Reiseführer durch Kroatien und Slawonien, by A. Lukšić (Agram, 1893); Vegetationsverhältnisse von Kroatien, by A. Neilreich (Vienna, 1868); “Die Slowenen,” by J. Šuman, and “Die Kroaten,” by F. Staré, in vol. x. of Die Völker Österreich-Ungarns (Vienna, 1881–1882); Die Serbokroaten der adriatischen Küstenländer, by A. Weisbach (Berlin, 1884); and the map Zemljovid Hrvatske i Slavonije, by M. Katzenschläger (Vienna, 1895). The only detailed history is one in Serbo-Croatian, written by a succession of the highest native authorities, and published by the South Slavonic Academy (Agram, from 1861). It is largely based on the following works: Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia, containing documents from the Vatican library edited by A. Theiner (Rome, 1860); Vetera monumenta historiam Slavorum meridionalium illustrantia, published by the South Slavonic Academy (Agram, 1863, &c.); Jura regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae, et Slavoniae cum privilegiis, by J. Kukuljević (Agram, 1861–1862); Monumenta historica Slavorum meridionalium, by V. Makushev, in Latin and Italian, with notes in Slavonic (Belgrade, 1885); De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae, by G. Lucio (Amsterdam, 1666; see Dalmatia, under bibliography); Regno degli Slavi, by M. Orbini (Pesaro, 1601); and, for ecclesiastical history, Illyricum sacrum, by D. Farlatus and others (Venice, 1751–1819). See also Hrvatska i Hrvati, by V. Klaić (Agram, 1890, &c.); and Slawonien vom 10. bis zum 13. Jahrhundert, translated from the Serbo-Croatian of Klaić by J. von Vojničić (Agram, 1882). (K. G. J.)
CROCIDOLITE, a mineral described in 1815 by M. H. Klaproth under the name Blaueisenstein (blue ironstone), and in 1831
by J. F. Hausmann, who gave it its present name on account of
its nap-like appearance (Gr. κροκύς, nap of cloth). It is a blue
fibrous mineral belonging to the amphibole group and closely
related to riebeckite; chemically it is an iron sodium silicate.
Its resemblance to asbestos has gained for it the name Cape
Asbestos, the chief occurrence being in Cape Colony. The
mineral suffers alteration by removal of alkali and peroxidation
of the ferrous iron, and further by deposition of silica between
the fibres, or by their replacement by silica; a hard siliceous
mineral is thus formed which when polished shows, in consequence
of its fibrous structure, a beautiful chatoyance or silky
lustre. This is the ornamental stone which is known when blue
as “hawk’s-eye,” and when of rich golden brown colour as
“tiger-eye.” The latter, which represents the final alteration
of the crocidolite, has become very fashionable as “South
African cat’s eye,” and is often termed “crocidolite,” though
practically only a mixture of quartz with brown oxide of iron.
The following are analyses by A. Renard and C. Klement of the
unaltered crocidolite and of the blue and brown products of
alteration:—
| Crocidolite. | Hawk’s-eye. | Tiger-eye. | |
| Silica | 51.89 | 93.45 | 93.05 |
| Ferric oxide | 19.22 | 2.41 | 4.94 |
| Alumina | · · | 0.23 | 0.66 |
| Ferrous oxide | 17.53 | 1.43 | · · |
| Magnesia | 2.43 | 0.22 | 0.26 |
| Lime | 0.40 | 0.13 | 0.44 |
| Soda | 7.71 | · · | · · |
| Potash | 0.15 | · · | · · |
| Water | 2.36 | 0.82 | 0.76 |
| Total | 101.69 | 98.69 | 100.11 |
Another alteration product of the crocidolite, consisting of silica and ferric hydrate, has been called griqualandite. Crocidolite and the minerals resulting from its alteration occur in seams, associated with magnetite and other iron-ores, in the jasper-slates of the Asbestos Mountains in Griqualand West, Cape Colony. It is known also from a few other localities, but only in subordinate quantity. (See Cat’s-Eye.)
CROCKET (Ital. uncinetti, Fr. crochet, crosse, Ger. Häklein,
Knollen), in architecture, an ornament running up the sides of
gablets, hood-moulds, pinnacles, spires; generally a winding
stem like a creeping plant, with flowers or leaves projecting at
intervals, and terminating in a finial.
CROCKETT, DAVID (1786–1836), American frontiersman,
was born in Greene county, Tennessee, on the 17th of August
1786. His education was obtained chiefly in the rough school
of experience in the Tennessee backwoods, where he acquired
a wide reputation as a hunter, trapper and marksman. In 1813–1814
he served in the Creek War under Andrew Jackson, and
subsequently became a colonel in the Tennessee militia. In
1821–1824 he was a member of the state legislature, having won
his election not by political speeches but by telling stories. In
1827 he was elected to the national House of Representatives as
a Jackson Democrat, and was re-elected in 1829. At Washington
his shrewdness, eccentric manners and peculiar wit made him
a conspicuous figure, but he was too independent to be a supporter
of all Jackson’s measures, and his opposition to the
president’s Indian policy led to administration influences being
turned against him with the result that he was defeated for
re-election in 1831. He was again elected in 1833, but in 1835
lost his seat a second time, being then a vigorous opponent
of many distinctively Jacksonian measures. Discouraged and
disgusted, he left his native state, and emigrated to Texas, then
engaged in its struggle for independence. There he lost his life
as one of the defenders of the Alamo at San Antonio on the 6th of March 1836.
A so-called “autobiography,” which he very probably dictated or at least authorized, was published in Philadelphia in 1834; a work purporting to be a continuation of this autobiography and entitled Colonel Crockett’s Exploits and Adventures in Texas (Philadelphia, 1836) is undoubtedly spurious. These two works were subsequently combined in a single volume, of which there have been several editions. Numerous popular biographies have been written, the best by E. S. Ellis (Philadelphia, 1884).
CROCKETT, SAMUEL RUTHERFORD (1860– ), Scottish
novelist, was born at Duchrae, Galloway, on the 24th of
September 1860, the son of a Galloway farmer. He was brought
up on a Galloway farm, and graduated from Edinburgh University
in 1879. After some years of travel he became in 1886 minister
of Penicuik, but eventually abandoned the Free Church ministry
for novel-writing. The success of Mr J. M. Barrie had created
a demand for stories in the Scottish dialect when Mr Crockett
published his successful story of The Stickit Minister in 1893.
It was followed by a rapidly produced series of popular novels
dealing often with the past history of Scotland, or with his native
Galloway. Such are The Raiders, The Lilac Sun-bonnet and
Mad Sir Uchtred in 1894; The Men of the Moss Hags in 1895;
Cleg Kelly and The Grey Man in 1896; The Surprising Adventures
of Sir Toady Lion (1897); The Red Axe (1898); Kit
Kennedy (1899); Joan of the Sword Hand and Little Anna Mark
in 1900; Flower o’ the Corn (1902); Red Cap Tales (1904), &c.
CROCKFORD, WILLIAM (1775–1844), proprietor of Crockford’s Club, was born in London in 1775, the son of a fishmonger, and for some time himself carried on that business. After
winning a large sum of money—according to one story £100,000—either at cards or by running a gambling establishment, he built, in 1827, a luxurious gambling house at 50 St James’s
Street, which, to ensure exclusiveness, he organized as a club. Crockford’s quickly became the rage; every English social celebrity and every distinguished foreigner visiting London
hastened to become a member. Even the duke of Wellington joined, though, it is averred, only in order to be able to blackball his son, Lord Douro, should he seek election. Hazard was the
favourite game, and very large sums changed hands. Crockford
