was named from the neighbouring gorge, which is noted for the picturesqueness of its scenery, especially in winter, when the ice piles up in the river, sometimes to a height of 20 ft. Here the river cuts through the Kittatinny (Blue) Ridge to its base. On the New Jersey side is Mt. Tammany (about 1600 ft.); on the Pennsylvania side, Mt. Minsi (about 1500 ft.); the elevation of the river here is about 300 ft. The gap (about 2 m. long) through the mountain is the result of erosion by the waters of a great river which flowed northwards acting along a line of faulting at right angles to the strike of the tilted rock formations. The scenery and the delightful climate have made the place a popular summer resort. The borough was incorporated in 1889.
See L. W. Brodhead, The Delaware Water-Gap (Philadelphia, 2nd ed., 1870).
DE LA WARR, or Delaware, an English barony, the holders
of which are descended from Roger de la Warr of Isfield, Sussex,
who was summoned to parliament as a baron in 1299 and
the following years. He died about 1320; his great-grandson
Roger, to whom the French king John surrendered at the battle
of Poitiers, died in 1370; and the male line of the family became
extinct on the death of Thomas, 5th baron, in 1426.
The 5th baron’s half-sister Joan married Thomas West, 1st Lord West (d. 1405), and in 1415 her second son Reginald (1394–1451) succeeded his brother Thomas as 3rd Lord West. After the death of his uncle Thomas, 5th Baron De La Warr, whose estates he inherited, Reginald was summoned to parliament as Baron La Warr, and he is thus the second founder of the family. His grandson was Thomas, 3rd (or 8th) baron (d. 1525), a courtier during the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII.; and the latter’s son was Thomas, 4th (or 9th) baron (c. 1472–1554). The younger Thomas was a very prominent person during the reigns of Henry VIII. and Edward VI. After serving with the English army in France in 1513 and being present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, he rebuilt the house at Halnaker in Sussex, which he had obtained by marriage, and here in 1526 he entertained Henry VIII. “with great cheer.” He disliked the ecclesiastical changes introduced by the king, and he was one of the peers who tried Anne Boleyn; later he showed some eagerness to stand well with Thomas Cromwell, but this did not prevent his arrest in 1538. He is said to have denounced “the plucking down of abbeys,” and he certainly consorted with many suspected persons. But he was soon released and pardoned, although he was obliged to hand over Halnaker to Henry VIII., receiving instead the estate of Wherwell in Hampshire. He died without children in September 1554, when his baronies of De La Warr and West fell into abeyance. His monument may still be seen in the church at Broadwater, Sussex.
He had settled his estates on his nephew William West (c. 1519–1595), who then tried to bring about his uncle’s death by poison; for this reason he was disabled by act of parliament (1549) from succeeding to his honours. However, in 1563 he was restored, and in 1570 was created by patent Baron De La Warr. This was obviously a new creation, but in 1596 his son Thomas (c. 1556–1602) claimed precedency in the baronage as the holder of the ancient barony of De La Warr. His claim was admitted, and accordingly his son and successor, next mentioned, is called the 3rd or the 12th baron.
Thomas West, 3rd or 12th Baron De La Warr (1577–1618), British soldier and colonial governor in America, was born on the 9th of July 1577, probably at Wherwell, Hampshire, where he was baptized. He was educated at Queen’s College, Oxford, where he did not complete his course, but subsequently (1605) received the degree of M.A. In 1597 he was elected member of parliament for Lymington, and subsequently fought in Holland and in Ireland under the earl of Essex, being knighted for bravery in battle in 1599. He was imprisoned for complicity in Essex’s revolt (1600–1601), but was soon released and exonerated. In 1602 he succeeded to his father’s title and estates and became a privy councillor. Becoming interested in schemes for the colonization of America, he was chosen a member of the council of the Virginia Company in 1609, and in the same year was appointed governor and captain-general of Virginia for life. Sailing in March 1610 with three ships, 150 settlers and supplies, he himself bearing the greater part of the expense of the expedition, he arrived at Jamestown on the 10th of June, in time to intercept the colonists who had embarked for England and were abandoning the enterprise. Lord De La Warr’s rule was strict but just; he constructed two forts near the mouth of the James river, rebuilt Jamestown, and in general brought order out of chaos. In March 1611 he returned to London, where he published at the request of the company’s council, his Relation of the condition of affairs in Virginia (reprinted 1859 and 1868). He remained in England until 1618, when the news of the tyrannical rule of the deputy, Samuel Argall, led him to start again for Virginia. He embarked in April, but died en route on the 7th of June 1618, and was buried at sea. The Delaware river and the state of Delaware were named in his honour.
A younger brother, Francis (1586–c. 1634), was prominent in the affairs of Virginia, and in 1627–1628 was president of the council, and acting-governor of the colony.
In 1761 the 3rd or 12th baron’s descendant, John, 7th or 16th Baron De La Warr (1693–1766), was created Viscount Cantelupe and 1st Earl De La Warr. He was a prominent figure in the House of Lords, at first as a supporter of Sir Robert Walpole. He also served in the British army and fought at Dettingen, and was made governor of Guernsey in 1752.
George John West, 5th earl (1791–1869), married Elizabeth, sister and heiress of George John Frederick Sackville, 4th duke of Dorset, who was created Baroness Buckhurst in 1864; consequently in 1843 he and his sons took the name of Sackville-West. The earl was twice lord chamberlain to Queen Victoria, and he is celebrated as “Fair Euryalus” in the Childish Recollections of his schoolfellow, Lord Byron. His son Charles Richard (1815–1873), 6th earl, served in the first Sikh war and in the Crimea; and being unmarried was succeeded by his brother Reginald (1817–1896) as 7th Earl De La Warr. Having inherited his mother’s barony of Buckhurst on her death in 1870, he retained this title along with the barony and earldom of De La Warr, although the patent had contained a proviso that it should be kept separate from these dignities. In 1896 the 7th earl’s son, Gilbert George Reginald Sackville-West (b. 1869), became 8th earl De La Warr.
See G. E. C(okayne), Complete Peerage (1887–1898).
DELBRÜCK, HANS (1848– ), German historian, was born at
Bergen on the island of Rügen on the 11th of November 1848,
and studied at the universities of Heidelberg and Bonn. As a
soldier he fought in the Franco-German War, after which he was
for some years tutor to one of the princes of the German imperial
family. In 1885 he became professor of modern history in the
university of Berlin, and he was a member of the German
Reichstag from 1884 to 1890. Delbrück’s writings are chiefly
concerned with the history of the art of war, his most ambitious
work being his Geschichte der Kriegskunst im Rahmen der politischen
Geschichte (first section, Das Altertum, 1900; second,
Römer und Germanen, 1902; third, Das Mittelalter, 1907).
Among his other works are: Die Perserkriege und die Burgunderkriege
(Berlin, 1887); Historische und politische Aufsätze (1886);
Erinnerungen, Aufsätze und Reden (1902); Die Strategie des
Perikles erläutert durch die Strategie Friedrichs des Grossen (1890);
Die Polenfrage (1894); and Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen
Neithardt von Gneisenau (1882 and 1894). Delbrück began in
1883 to edit the Preussische Jahrbücher, in which he has written
many articles, including one on “General Wolseley über Napoleon,
Wellington und Gneisenau,” and he has contributed to the
Europäischer Geschichtskalender of H. Schulthess.
DELBRÜCK, MARTIN FRIEDRICH RUDOLF VON, Prussian
statesman (1817–1903), was born at Berlin on the 16th of April
1817. On completing his legal studies he entered the service of
the state in 1837; and after holding a series of minor posts was
transferred in 1848 to the ministry of commerce, which was to
be the sphere of his real life’s work. Both Germany and Austria
had realized the influence of commercial upon political union.
Delbrück in 1851 induced Hanover, Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe
to join the Zollverein; and the southern states, which had
