lyrical poems are remarkable for their intense sincerity and devout grace.
Bibliography.—Teatro completo de Juan del Encina (Madrid, 1893), edited by F. Asenjo Barbieri; Cancionero musical de los siglos XV y XVI (Madrid, 1894), edited by F. Asenjo Barbieri; R. Mitjana, Sobre Juan del Encina, músico y poeta (Málaga, 1895); M. Menendez y Pelayo, Antologia de poetas liricos castellanos (Madrid, 1890–1903), vol. vii.
ENCKE, JOHANN FRANZ (1791–1865), German astronomer,
was born at Hamburg on the 23rd of September 1791. Matriculating
at the university of Göttingen in 1811, he began by devoting
himself to astronomy under Carl Friedrich Gauss; but he enlisted
in the Hanseatic Legion for the campaign of 1813–14, and
became lieutenant of artillery in the Prussian service in 1815.
Having returned to Göttingen in 1816, he was at once appointed
by Benhardt von Lindenau his assistant in the observatory
of Seeberg near Gotha. There he completed his investigation
of the comet of 1680, for which the Cotta prize was awarded to
him in 1817; he correctly assigned a period of 71 years to the
comet of 1812; and discovered the swift circulation of the
remarkable comet which bears his name (see Comet). Eight
masterly treatises on its movements were published by him in
the Berlin Abhandlungen (1829–1859). From a fresh discussion
of the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769 he deduced (1822–1824)
a solar parallax of 8″.57, long accepted as authoritative. In
1822 he became director of the Seeberg observatory, and in
1825 was promoted to a corresponding position at Berlin, where
a new observatory, built under his superintendence, was inaugurated
in 1835. He directed the preparation of the star-maps of
the Berlin academy 1830–1859, edited from 1830 and greatly
improved the Astronomisches Jahrbuch, and issued four volumes
of the Astronomische Beobachtungen of the Berlin observatory
(1840–1857). Much labour was bestowed by him upon facilitating
the computation of the movements of the asteroids. With this
end in view he expounded to the Berlin academy in 1849 a
mode of determining an elliptic orbit from three observations,
and communicated to that body in 1851 a new method of calculating
planetary perturbations by means of rectangular
co-ordinates (republished in W. Ostwald’s Klassiker der exacten
Wissenschaften, No. 141, 1903). Encke visited England in 1840.
Incipient brain-disease compelled him to withdraw from official
life in November 1863, and he died at Spandau on the 26th of
August 1865. He contributed extensively to the periodical
literature of astronomy, and was twice, in 1823 and 1830,
the recipient of the Royal Astronomical Society’s gold
medal.
See Johann Franz Encke, sein Leben und Wirken, von Dr C. Bruhns (Leipzig, 1869), to which a list of his writings is appended. Also, Month. Notices Roy. Astr. Society, xxvi. 129; V.J.S. Astr. Gesellschaft, iv. 227; Berlin. Abhandlungen (1866), i., G. Hagen; Sitzungsberichte, Munich Acad. (1866), i. p. 395, &c. (A. M. C.)
ENCLAVE (a French word from enclaver, to enclose), a term
signifying a country or, more commonly, an outlying portion of
a country, entirely surrounded by the territories of a foreign or
other power, such as the detached portions of Prussia, Saxony,
&c, enclosed in the Thuringian States. (From the point of view
of the states possessing such detached portions of territory these
become “exclaves.”) “Enclave” is, however, generally used
in a looser sense to describe a colony or other territory of a state,
which, while possessing a seaboard, is entirely surrounded landward
by the possession of some other power; or, if inland
territory, nearly though not entirely so enclosed, e.g. the Lado
Enclave in equatorial Africa.
ENCOIGNURE, in furniture, literally the angle, or return,
formed by the junction of two walls. The word is now chiefly
used to designate a small armoire, commode, cabinet or
cupboard made to fit a corner; a chaise encoignure is called in English
a three-cornered chair. In its origin the thing, like the word,
is French, and the delightful Louis Quinze or Louis Seize
encoignure in lacquer or in mahogany elaborately mounted in gilded
bronze is not the least alluring piece of the great period of French
furniture. It was made in a vast variety of forms so far as the
front was concerned; in other respects it was strictly limited
by its destination. As a rule these delicate and dainty receptacles
were in pairs and placed in opposite angles; more often than not the top was formed of a slab of coloured marble.
ENCYCLICAL (from Late Lat. encyclicus, for encyclius = Gr.
ἐγκύκλιος, from ἐν and κύκλος, “a circle”), an ecclesiastical
epistle intended for general circulation, now almost exclusively
used of such letters issued by the pope. The forms encyclica
and encyclic are sometimes, but more rarely, used. The old
adjectival use of the word in the sense of “general”
(encircling) is now obsolete, though it survives in the term
“encyclopaedia.”
ENCYCLOPAEDIA. The Greeks seem to have understood
by encyclopaedia (ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία, or ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία)
instruction in the whole circle (ἐν κυκλῷ) or complete system of
learning—education in arts and sciences. Thus Pliny, in the
preface to his Natural History, says that his book treated of all
the subjects of the encyclopaedia of the Greeks, “Jam omnia
attingenda quae Graeci τῆς ἐγκυκλοπαιδείας vocant.” Quintilian
(Inst. Orat. i. 10) directs that before boys are placed under
the rhetorician they should be instructed in the other arts,
“ut efficiatur orbis ille doctrinae quam Graeci ἐγκυκλοπαιδείαν
vocant.” Galen (De victus ratione in morbis acutis, c. 11) speaks
of those who are not educated ἐν τῇ ἐγκυκλοπαιδείᾳ. In these
passages of Pliny and Quintilian, however, from one or both of
which the modern use of the word seems to have been taken,
ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία is now read, and this seems to have been
the usual expression. Vitruvius (lib. vi. praef.) calls the encyclios
or ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία of the Greeks “doctrinarum omnium
disciplina,” instruction in all branches of learning. Strabo
(lib. iv. cap. 10) speaks of philosophy καὶ τὴν ἄλλην παιδείαν ἐγκύκλιον.
Tzetzes (Chiliades, xi. 527), quoting from Porphyry’s
Lives of the Philosophers, says that ἐγκύκλια μαθήματα was the
circle of grammar, rhetoric, philosophy and the four arts under
it, arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy. Zonaras
explains it as grammar, poetry, rhetoric, philosophy, mathematics
and simply every art and science (ἁπλῶς πᾶσα τέχνη καὶ ἐπιστήμη),
because sophists go through them as through a circle.
The idea seems to be a complete course of instruction in all parts
of knowledge. An epic poem was called cyclic when it contained
the whole mythology; and among physicians κύκλῳ θεραπεύειν,
cyclo curare (Vegetius, De arte veterinaria, ii. 5, 6), meant a
cure effected by a regular and prescribed course of diet and
medicine (see Wower, De polymathia, c. 24, § 14).
The word encyclopaedia was probably first used in English by Sir Thomas Elyot. “In an oratour is required to be a heape of all maner of lernyng: whiche of some is called the worlde of science, of other the circle of doctrine, whiche is in one worde of greke Encyclopedia” (The Governour, bk. i. chap. xiii.). In his Latin dictionary, 1538, he explains “Encyclios et Encyclia, the cykle or course of all doctrines,” and “Encyclopedia, that lernynge whiche comprehendeth all lyberall science and studies.” The term does not seem to have been used as the title of a book by the ancients or in the middle ages. The edition of the works of Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius, printed at Basel in 1541, is called on the title-page Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima κυκλοπαιδεια. Paulus Scalichius de Lika, an Hungarian count, wrote Encyclopaediae seu orbis disciplinarum epistemon (Basileae, 1599, 4to). Alsted published in 1608 Encyclopaedia cursus philosophici, and afterwards expanded this into his great work, noticed below, calling it without any limitation Encyclopaedia, because it treats of everything that can be learned by man in this life. This is now the most usual sense in which the word encyclopaedia is used—a book treating of all the various kinds of knowledge. The form “cyclopaedia” is not merely without any appearance of classical authority, but is etymologically less definite, complete and correct. For as Cyropaedia means “the instruction of Cyrus,” so cyclopaedia may mean “instruction of a circle.” Vossius says, “Cyclopaedia is sometimes found, but the best writers say encyclopaedia” (De vitiis sermonis, 1645, p. 402). Gesner says, “κύκλος est circulus, quae figura est simplicissima et perfectissima simul: nam incipi potest ubicunque in illa et ubicunque cohaeret. Cyclopaedia itaque significat omnem doctrinarum scientiam inter
