in 1845 he was appointed a director of the Paris & Lyons railway. Three years later he established, in conjunction with Duveyrier, a daily journal, entitled Le Crédit, which was discontinued in 1850. He was afterwards attached to the administration of the railway from Lyons to the Mediterranean. Father Enfantin held fast by his ideal to the end, but he had renounced the hope of giving it a local habitation and a name in the degenerate obstinate world. His personal influence over those who associated with him was immense. “He was a man of a noble presence, with finely formed and expressive features. He was gentle and insinuating in manner, and possessed a calm, graceful and winning delivery” (Gent. Mag., Jan. 1865). His evident sincerity, his genuine enthusiasm, gave him his marvellous ascendancy. Not a few of his disciples ranked afterwards amongst the most distinguished men of France. He died suddenly at Paris on the 1st of September 1864.
Amongst his works are—Doctrine de Saint-Simon (written in conjunction with several of his followers), published in 1830, and several times republished; Économie politique et politique Saint-Simonienne (1831); Correspondance politique (1835–1840); Corresp. philos. et religieuse (1843–1845); and La Vie éternelle passée, présente, future (1861). A large number of articles by his hand appeared in Le Producteur, L’Organisateur, Le Globe, and other periodicals. He also wrote in 1832 Le Livre nouveau, intended as a substitute for the Christian Scriptures, but it was not published.
See G. Weill, L’École Saint-Simonienne, son histoire, son influence, jusqu’ à nos jours (Paris, 1896).
ENFIDAVILLE [Dar-el-Bey], a town of Tunisia, on the
railway between Tunis and Susa, 30 m. N.E. of the last-named
place and 5 m. inland from the Gulf of Hammamet. Enfidaville
is the chief settlement on the Enfida estate, a property of over
300,000 acres in the Sahel district of Tunisia, forming a rectangle
between the towns of Hammamet, Susa, Kairawan and Zaghwan.
On this estate, devoted to the cultivation of cereals, olives, vines
and to pasturage, are colonies of Europeans and natives. At
Enfidaville, where was, as its native name indicates, a palace of
the beys of Tunis, there is a large horse-breeding establishment
and a much-frequented weekly market. About 5 m. N. of
Enfidaville is Henshir Fraga (anc. Uppenna), where are ruins of a
large fortress and of a church in which were found mosaics with
epitaphs of various bishops and martyrs.
The Enfida estate was granted by the bey Mahommed-es-Sadok to his chief minister Khaireddin Pasha (q.v.) in return for the confirmation by the sultan of Turkey in 1871, through the instrumentality of the pasha, of the right of succession to the beylik of members of Es-Sadok’s family. When, some years later, Khaireddin left Tunisia for Constantinople he sold the estate to a Marseilles company, which resold it to the Société Franco-africaine.
ENFIELD, a township of Hartford county, Connecticut, U.S.A.,
in the N. part of the state, on the E. bank of the Connecticut
river, 20 m. N. of Hartford. It has an area of 35 sq. m., with
three villages—Thompsonville, Hazardville and Enfield. Pop.
(1890) 7199; (1900) 6699 (1812 foreign-born); (1910) 9719. Its
principal manufactures are gunpowder, carpets, brick, cotton
press machinery, and coffin hardware. In Enfield and its vicinity
much tobacco is grown. First settled in 1679, Enfield was a part
of the township of Springfield, Massachusetts, until 1683, when it
was made a separate township; in 1749 it became a part of
Connecticut. At a town meeting on the 11th of July 1774 it was
resolved that “a firm and inviolable union of our colonies is
absolutely necessary for the defence of our civil rights,” and that
“the most effectual measures to defeat the machinations of the
enemies of His Majesty’s government and the liberties of America
is to break off all commercial intercourse with Great Britain and
the West Indies until these oppressive acts for raising a revenue in
America are repealed.” A Shaker community was established
in the township in 1781, at what is now called Shaker Station.
See Francis Olcutt Allen, History of Enfield (Lancaster, Pa., 1900).
ENFIELD, a market town in the Enfield parliamentary
division of Middlesex, England, 11 m. N. of London Bridge,
on the Great Northern and Great Eastern railways. Pop. of
urban district, (1891) 31,536, (1901) 42,738. It is picturesquely
situated on the western slope of the Lea valley, with a considerable
extension towards the river, mainly consisting of artisans’
dwellings (Churchbury, Ponder’s End, and Enfield Highway on
the Old North Road). Great numbers of villas occupied by
those whose work lies in London have grown up; and many of
the inhabitants are employed in the Royal Small Arms factory at
Enfield Lock. The church of St Andrew is mainly Perpendicular,
but has Early English portions; it contains several ancient
monuments and brasses, and flanks the market-place, with its
modern cross. Enfield Palace fronts the High Street; it retains
portions of the building of Edward VI., but has been greatly
altered. The grammer school, near the church, was founded in
1557. The New River flows through the parish, and Sir Hugh
Myddleton, its projector, was for some time resident here.
Middleton House, named after him, is one of several fine mansions
in the vicinity. Of these, Forty Hall, in splendidly timbered
grounds, is from the designs of Inigo Jones; and a former
mansion occupying the site of White Webbs House was suspected
as the scene of the hatching of Gunpowder Plot. The parish is of
great extent (12,653 acres).
An Anglo-Saxon derivation, signifying “forest clearing,” is indicated for the name. Enfield Chase was a royal preserve, disafforested in 1777. The principal manor of Enfield, which was held by Asgar, Edward the Confessor’s master of horse, was in the hands of the Norman baron Geoffrey de Mandeville at the time of Domesday, and belonged to the Bohun family in the 12th and 13th centuries. It came, by succession and marriage, into the possession of the crown under Henry IV., and was included in the duchy of Lancaster. There were, however, seven other manors, and of these one, Worcesters, came to the crown in the time of Henry VIII., whose children resided at the manor-house, Elsynge Hall. Edward VI., settling both manors upon the princess Elizabeth, rebuilt Enfield Palace for her. She was a frequent resident here not only before but after her accession to the throne. About 1664 the palace was occupied as a school by Robert Uvedale (1642–1722), who was also an eminent horticulturist, planted the magnificent cedar still standing in the palace grounds, and formed a herbarium now in the Sloane collection at the British Museum. The town received grants of markets from Edward I. and James I.
ENFILADE (a French word, from enfiler, to thread, and so to
pass through from end to end), a military term used to express the
direction of fire along an enemy’s line, or parapet. This species
of fire is most demoralizing and destructive, since, from its
direction, very few guns or rifles can be brought to bear to meet
it. If any considerable body of men changes front, it immediately
lays itself open to enfilade from the enemy whom it originally
faced. Against entrenchments, or the parapets of fortifications,
enfilade is still more effective, as the enemy is deprived of the
protection given by his works and is no better covered than if he
were in the open. Banks of earth, built perpendicular to the
line of defence (called traverses), are usually employed to protect
parapets or trenches against enfilade.
ENGADINE (Ger. Engadin; Ital. Engadina; Ladin, Engiadina),
the name of the upper or Swiss portion of the valley of the
Inn, which forms part of the Swiss canton of the Grisons. Its
length by carriage road from the Maloja plateau (5935 ft.) at its
south-western end to Martinsbruck (3406 ft.) at its north-eastern
extremity is about 59 m. It is to be noted that up to and including
St Moritz (6037 ft., the highest) all the villages (save Sils-Baseglia)
at its south-western end are higher than the Maloja
plateau itself. The uppermost portion of the valley contains
several lakes, which, as one descends, gradually diminish in size,
those of Sils, Silvaplana and St Moritz. But both the Maloja
plateau and the south-western half of the lake of Sils belong to
the commune of Stampa in the Val Bregaglia, and are included in
the Bregaglia administrative district, so that, from a political point
of view, Sils is the first village that is included in the Engadine.
The rest of the Engadine forms the districts of the Upper
Engadine with eleven communes, and of the Inn (i.e. the Lower
Engadine), subdivided into the Ob Tasna, Remüs, and Unter
Tasna circles, and containing twelve communes.
In 1900 the total population of the Engadine was 11,712, of
