in grain, fruit, hops, cattle, wool and lumber; and has various manufactures, including flour, lumber, woollen goods and canned fruit. Eugene was settled in 1854, and was first incorporated in 1864.
EUGENICS (from the Gr. εὐγενής, well born), the modern
name given to the science which deals with the influences which
improve the inborn qualities of a race, but more particularly
with those which develop them to the utmost advantage, and
which generally serves to disseminate knowledge and encourage
action in the direction of perpetuating a higher racial standard.
The founder of this science may be said to be Sir Francis Galton
(q.v.), who has done much to further its study, not only by his
writings, but by the establishment of a research fellowship and
scholarship in eugenics in the university of London. The aim
of the science as laid down by Galton is to bring as many influences
as can reasonably be employed, to cause the useful
classes in the community to contribute more than their proportion
to the next generation. It can hardly be said that the science
has advanced beyond the stage of disseminating a knowledge
of the laws of heredity, so far as they are surely known, and
endeavouring to promote their further study. Useful work has
been done in the compilation of statistics of the various conditions
affecting the science, such as the rates with which the various
classes of society in ancient and modern nations have contributed
in civic usefulness to the population at various times, the inheritance
of ability, the influences which affect marriage, &c.
Works by Galton bearing on eugenics are: Hereditary Genius (2nd ed., 1892), Human Faculty (1883), Natural Inheritance (1889), Huxley Lecture of the Anthropol. Inst. on the Possible Improvement of the Human Breed under the existing Conditions of Law and Sentiment (1901); see also, Biometrika (a journal for the statistical study of biological problems, of which the first volume was published in 1902).
EUGÉNIE [Marie-Eugénie-Ignace-Augustine de Montijo]
(1826– ), wife of Napoleon III., emperor of the French,
daughter of Don Cipriano Guzman y Porto Carrero, count of
Teba, subsequently count of Montijo and grandee of Spain,
was born at Grenada on the 5th of May 1826. Her mother was
a daughter of William Kirkpatrick, United States consul at
Malaga, a Scotsman by birth and an American by nationality.
Her childhood was spent in Madrid, but after 1834 she lived with
her mother and sister chiefly in Paris, where she was educated,
like so many French girls of good family, in the convent of the
Sacré Cœur. When Louis Napoleon became president of the
Republic she appeared frequently with her mother at the balls
given by the prince president at the Elysée, and it was here that
she made the acquaintance of her future husband. In November
1852 mother and daughter were invited to Fontainebleau, and
in the picturesque hunting parties the beautiful young Spaniard,
who showed herself an expert horsewoman, was greatly admired
by all present and by the host in particular. Three weeks later,
on the 2nd of December, the Empire was formally proclaimed,
and during a series of fêtes at Compiègne, which lasted eleven
days (19th to 30th December), the emperor became more and
more fascinated. On New Year’s Eve, at a ball at the Tuileries,
Mdlle de Montijo, who had necessarily excited much jealousy
and hostility in the female world, had reason to complain that
she had been insulted by the wife of an official personage. On
hearing of it the emperor said to her, “Je vous vengerai”;
and within three days he made a formal proposal of marriage.
In a speech from the throne on the 22nd of January he formally
announced his engagement, and justified what some people
considered a mésalliance. “I have preferred,” he said, “a
woman whom I love and respect to a woman unknown to me,
with whom an alliance would have had advantages mixed with
sacrifices.” Of her whom he had chosen he ventured to make a
prediction: “Endowed with all the qualities of the soul, she
will be the ornament of the throne, and in the day of danger she
will become one of its courageous supports.” The marriage was
celebrated with great pomp at Notre Dame on the 30th of January
1853. On the 16th of March 1856 the empress gave birth to a
son, who received the title of Prince Imperial. The emperor’s
prediction regarding her was not belied by events. By her
beauty, elegance and charm of manner she contributed largely
to the brilliancy of the imperial régime, and when the end came,
she was, as the official Enquête made by her enemies proved,
one of the very few who showed calmness and courage in face of
the rising tide of revolution. The empress acted three times as
regent during the absence of the emperor,—in 1859, 1865 and
1870,—and she was generally consulted on important questions.
When the emperor vacillated between two lines of policy she
generally urged on him the bolder course; she deprecated
everything tending to diminish the temporal power of the
papacy, and she disapproved of the emperor’s liberal policy at
the close of his reign. On the collapse of the Empire she fled to
England, and settled with the emperor and her son at Chislehurst.
After the emperor’s death she removed to Farnborough, where she
built a mausoleum to his memory. In 1879 her son was killed
in the Zulu War, and in the following year she visited the spot
and brought back the body to be interred beside that of his father.
At Farnborough and in a villa she built at Cap Martin on the
Riviera, she continued to live in retirement, following closely the
course of events, but abstaining from all interference in French
politics.
EUGENIUS, the name of four popes.
Eugenius I., pope from 654 to 657. Elected on the banishment of Martin I. by the emperor Constans II., and at the height of the Monothelite crisis, he showed greater deference than his predecessor to the emperor’s wishes, and made no public stand against the patriarchs of Constantinople. He, however, held no communication with them, being closely watched in this respect by Roman opinion.
Eugenius II., pope, was a native of Rome, and was chosen to succeed Pascal I. in 824. His election did not take place without difficulty. Eugenius was the candidate of the nobles, and the clerical faction brought forward a competitor. But the monk Wala, the representative of the emperor Lothair, succeeded in arranging matters, and Eugenius was elected. Lothair, however, came to Rome in person, and took advantage of this opportunity to redress many abuses in the papal administration, to vest the election of the pope in the nobles, and to confirm the statute that no pope should be consecrated until his election had the approval of the emperor. A council which assembled at Rome during the reign of Eugenius passed several enactments for the restoration of church discipline, took measures for the foundation of schools and chapters, and decided against priests wearing a secular dress or engaging in secular occupations. Eugenius also adopted various provisions for the care of the poor and of widows and orphans. He died in 827. (L. D.*)
Eugenius III. (Bernardo Paganelli), pope from the 15th of
February 1145 to the 8th of July 1153, a native of Pisa, was
abbot of the Cistercian monastery of St Anastasius at Rome
when suddenly elected to succeed Lucius II. His friend and
instructor, Bernard of Clairvaux, the most influential ecclesiastic
of the time, remonstrated against his election on account of his
“innocence and simplicity,” but Bernard soon acquiesced and
continued to be the mainstay of the papacy throughout Eugenius’s
pontificate. It was to Eugenius that Bernard addressed
his famous work De consideratione. Immediately after his
election, the Roman senators demanded the pope’s renunciation
of temporal power. He refused and fled to Farfa, where he was
consecrated on the 17th of February. By treaty of December
1145 he recognized the republic under his suzerainty, substituted
a papal prefect for the “patrician” and returned to Rome.
The celebrated schismatic, Arnold of Brescia, however, put
himself again at the head of the party opposed to the temporal
power of the papacy, re-established the patricianate, and forced
the pope to leave Rome. Eugenius had already, on hearing of
the fall of Edessa, addressed a letter to Louis VII. of France
(December 1145), announcing the Second Crusade and granting
plenary indulgence under the usual conditions to those who
would take the cross; and in January 1147 he journeyed to
France to further preparations for the holy war and to seek aid
in the constant feuds at Rome. After holding synods at Paris,
Reims and Trier, he returned to Italy in June 1148 and took up
