His Œuvres complètes (8 vols., 1885) were printed from the original manuscripts, and included, besides the works mentioned already, the two plays, Le Candidat and Le Château des cœurs. Another edition (10 vols.) appeared in 1873–1885. Flaubert’s correspondence with George Sand was published in 1884 with an introduction by Guy de Maupassant. Other posthumous works are Par les champs et par les grèves (1885), the result of a tour in Brittany; and four volumes of Correspondance (1887–1893). See also Paul Bourget, Essais de psychologie contemporaine (1883); Émile Faguet, Flaubert (1899); Henry James, French Poets and Novelists (1878); Émile Zola, Les Romanciers naturalistes (1881); C. A. Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, vol. xiii., Nouveaux lundis, vol. iv.; and the Souvenirs littéraires (2 vols., 1882–1883) of Maxime du Camp. (E. G.)
FLAVEL, JOHN (c. 1627–1691), English Presbyterian divine,
was born at Bromsgrove in Worcestershire, probably in 1627.
He was the elder son of Richard Flavel, described in contemporary
records as “a painful and eminent minister.” After
receiving his early education, partly at home and partly at the
grammar-schools of Bromsgrove and Haslar, he entered University
College, Oxford. Soon after taking orders in 1650 he
obtained a curacy at Diptford, Devon, and on the death of the
vicar he was appointed to succeed him. From Diptford he removed
in 1656 to Dartmouth. He was ejected from his living
by the passing of the Act of Uniformity in 1662, but continued
to preach and administer the sacraments privately till the Five
Mile Act of 1665, when he retired to Slapton, 5 m. away. He
then lived for a time in London, but returned to Dartmouth,
where he laboured till his death in 1691. He was married four
times. He was a vigorous and voluminous writer, and not without
a play of fine fancy.
His principal works are his Navigation Spiritualized (1671); The Fountain of Life, in forty-two Sermons (1672); The Method of Grace (1680); Pneumatologia, a Treatise on the Soul of Man (1698); A Token for Mourners; Husbandry Spiritualized (1699). Collected editions appeared throughout the 18th century, and in 1823 Charles Bradley edited a 2 vol. selection.
FLAVIAN I. (d. 404), bishop or patriarch of Antioch, was
born about 320, most probably in Antioch. He inherited great
wealth, but resolved to devote his riches and his talents to the
service of the church. In association with Diodorus, afterwards
bishop of Tarsus, he supported the Catholic faith against the
Arian Leontius, who had succeeded Eustathius as bishop of
Antioch. The two friends assembled their adherents outside
the city walls for the observance of the exercises of religion;
and, according to Theodoret, it was in these meetings that the
practice of antiphonal singing was first introduced in the services
of the church. When Meletius was appointed bishop of Antioch
in 361 he raised Flavian to the priesthood, and on the death of
Meletius in 381 Flavian was chosen to succeed him. The
schism between the two parties was, however, far from being
healed; the bishop of Rome and the bishops of Egypt refused to
acknowledge Flavian, and Paulinus, who by the extreme Eustathians
had been elected bishop in opposition to Meletius,
still exercised authority over a portion of the church. On the
death of Paulinus in 383, Evagrius was chosen as his successor,
but after the death of Evagrius (c. 393) Flavian succeeded in
preventing his receiving a successor, though the Eustathians still
continued to hold separate meetings. Through the intervention
of Chrysostom, soon after his elevation to the patriarchate of
Constantinople (398), and the influence of the emperor Theodosius,
Flavian was acknowledged in 399 as legitimate bishop of Antioch
by the Church of Rome; but the Eustathian schism was not
finally healed till 415. Flavian, who died in February 404, is
venerated in both the Western and Eastern churches as a saint.
See also the article Meletius of Antioch, and the article “Flavianus von Antiochien” by Loofs in Herzog-Hauck’s Real-encyklop. (ed. 3). For the Meletian schism see also A. Harnack’s, Hist. of Dogma, iv. 95.
FLAVIAN II. (d. 518), bishop or patriarch of Antioch, was
chosen by the emperor Anastasius I. to succeed Palladius, most
probably in 498. He endeavoured to please both parties by
steering a middle course in reference to the Chalcedon (q.v.)
decrees, but was induced after great hesitation to agree to the
request of Anastasius that he should accept the Henoticon,
or decree of union, issued by the emperor Zeno. His doing so,
while it brought upon him the anathema of the patriarch of
Constantinople, failed to secure the favour of Anastasius, who
in 511 found in the riots which were occurring between the rival
parties in the streets of Antioch a pretext for deposing Flavian,
and banishing him to Petra, where he died in 518. Flavian was
soon after his death enrolled among the saints of the Greek
Church, and after some opposition he was also canonized by the
Latin Church.
FLAVIAN (d. 449), bishop of Constantinople, and an adherent
of the Antiochene school, succeeded Proclus in 447. He presided
at the council which deposed Eutyches (q.v.) in 448, but in the
following year he was deposed by the council of Ephesus (the
“robber synod”), which reinstated Eutyches in his office.
Flavian’s death shortly afterwards was attributed, by a pious
fiction, to ill treatment at the hands of his theological opponents.
The council of Chalcedon canonized him as a martyr, and in the
Latin Church he is commemorated on the 18th of February.
FLAVIGNY, a town of eastern France, in the department of
Côte-d’Or, situated on a promontory overlooking the river
Ozerain, 33 m. W.N.W. of Dijon by road. Pop. (1906) 725.
Among its antiquities are the remains of an abbey of the 8th
century, which has been rebuilt as a factory for the manufacture
of anise, an industry connected with the town as early as the
17th century. There is also a church of the 13th and 15th
centuries, containing carved stalls (15th century) and a fine
rood-screen (early 16th century). A Dominican convent, some
old houses and ancient gateways are also of interest. About
3 m. north-west of Flavigny rises Mont Auxois, the probable
site of the ancient Alesia, where Caesar in A.D. 52 defeated the
Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix, to whom a statue has been erected
on the summit of the height. Numerous remains of the Gallo-Roman
period have been discovered on the hill.
FLAVIN (Lat. flavus, yellow), the commercial name for an
extract or preparation of quercitron bark (Quercus tinctoria),
which is used as a yellow dye in place of the ground and powdered
bark (see Quercitron).
FLAX. The terms flax or lint (Ger. Flachs, Fr. lin, Lat.
linum) are employed at once to denote the fibre so called, and
the plant from which it is prepared. The flax plant (Linum
usitatissimum) belongs to the natural order Linaceae, and, like most plants which have been long under cultivation, it possesses
numerous varieties, while its origin is doubtful. As cultivated
it is an annual with an erect stalk rising to a height of from
20 to 40 in., with alternate, sessile, narrowly lance-shaped leaves,
branching only at the top, each branch or branchlet ending in a
bright blue flower. The flowers are regular and symmetrical,
having five sepals, tapering to a point and hairy on the margin,
five petals which speedily fall, ten stamens, and a pistil bearing
five distinct styles. The fruit or boll is round, containing five
cells, each of which is again divided into two, thus forming ten
divisions, each of which contains a single seed. The seeds of the
flax plant, well known as linseed, are heavy, smooth, glossy and
of a bright greenish-brown colour. They are oval in section,
but their maximum contour represents closely that of a pear
with the stalk removed. The contents are of an oily nature,
and when liquefied are of great commercial value.
The earliest cultivated flax was Linum angustifolium, a smaller plant with fewer and narrower leaves than L. usitatissimum, and usually perennial. This is known to have been cultivated by the inhabitants of the Swiss lake-dwellings, and is found wild in south and west Europe (including England), North Africa, and western Asia. The annual flax (L. usitatissimum) has been cultivated for at least four or five thousand years in Mesopotamia, Assyria and Egypt, and is wild in the districts included between the Persian Gulf, the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. This annual flax appears to have been introduced into the north of Europe by the Finns, afterwards into the west of Europe by the western Aryans, and perhaps here and there by the Phoenicians; lastly, into Hindustan by the eastern Aryans after their separation from the European Aryans. (De Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants.)
The cultivation and preparation of flax are among the most ancient of all textile industries, very distinct traces of their
