offices. His future was then provided for by Liszt, Dr Joachim, Frau Magnus and others, who gave him the receipts of a concert tour, amounting to some 100,000 marks. Franz died on the 24th of October 1892. On his seventieth birthday he published his first and only pianoforte piece. It is easy to find here and there among his songs gems that are hardly less brilliant than the best of Schumann’s. Certainly no musician was ever more thoughtful and more painstaking. In addition to songs he wrote a setting for double choir of the 117th Psalm, and a four-part Kyrie; he also edited Astorga’s Stabat Mater and Durante’s Magnificat.
FRANZÉN, FRANS MIKAEL (1772–1847), Swedish poet, was
born at Uleåborg in Finland on the 9th of February 1772.
At thirteen he entered the university of Åbo, where he attended
the lectures of H. G. Porthan (1739–1804), a pioneer in the study
of Finnish history and legend. He graduated in 1789, and
became “eloquentiae docens” in 1792. Three years later he
started on a tour through Denmark, Germany, France and
England, returning in 1796 to accept the office of university
librarian at Åbo. In 1801 he became professor of history and
ethics, and in 1808 was elected a member of the Swedish Academy.
On the cession of Finland to Russia, Franzén removed to Sweden,
where he was successively appointed parish priest of Kumla
in the diocese of Strengnäs (1810), minister of the Clara Church
in Stockholm (1824) and bishop of Hernösand (1831). He died
at Säbrå parsonage on the 14th of August 1847. From the
autumn of 1793, when his Till en ung Flicka and Menniskans
anlete were inserted by Kellgren in the Stockholmspost, Franzén
grew in popular favour by means of many minor poems of
singular simplicity and truth, as Till Selma, Den gamle knekten,
Riddar St Göran, De Små blommorna, Modren vid vaggan,
Nyårsmorgonen and Stjernhimmelen. His songs Goda gosse
glaset töm, Sörj ej den gryende dagen förut, Champagnevinet
and Beväringssång were widely sung, and in 1797 he won the prize
of the Swedish Academy by his Sång öfver grefve Filip Creutz.
Henceforth his muse, touched with the academic spirit, grew
more reflective and didactic. His longer works, as Emili eller
en afton i Lappland, and the epics Svante Sture eller mötet vid
Alvastra, Kolumbus eller Amerikas upptäckt and Gustaf Adolf i
Tyskland (the last two incomplete), though rich in beauties of
detail, are far inferior to his shorter pieces.
The poetical works of Franzén are collected under the title Skaldestycken (7 vols., 1824–1861); new ed., Samlade dikter, with a biography by A. A. Grafström (1867–1869); also a selection (Valda dikter) in 2 vols. (1871). His prose writings, Om svenska drottningar (Åbo, 1798; Örebro, 1823), Skrifter i obunden stil, vol. i. (1835), Predikningar (5 vols., 1841–1845) and Minnesteckningar, prepared for the Academy (3 vols., 1848–1860), are marked by faithful portraiture and purity of style. See B. E. Malmström, in the Handlingar of the Swedish Academy (1852, new series 1887), vol. ii.; S. A. Hollander, Minne af F. M. Franzén (Örebro, 1868); F. Cygnaeus, Teckningar ur F. M. Franzéns lefnad (Helsingfors, 1872); and Gustaf Ljunggren, Svenska vitterhetens häfder efter Gustaf III.’s död, vol. ii. (1876).
FRANZENSBAD, or Kaiser-Franzensbad, a town and
watering-place of Bohemia, Austria, 152 m. W.N.W. of Prague by
rail. Pop. (1900) 2330. It is situated at an altitude of about
1500 ft. between the spurs of the Fichtelgebirge, the Böhmerwald
and the Erzgebirge, and lies 4 m. N.W. of Eger. It possesses
a large kursaal, several bathing establishments, a hospital for
poor patients and several parks. There are altogether 12
mineral springs with saline, alkaline and ferruginous waters,
of which the oldest and most important is the Franzensquelle.
One of the springs gives off carbonic acid gas and another contains
a considerable proportion of lithia salts. The waters, which
have an average temperature between 50.2° F. and 54.5° F.,
are used both internally and externally, and are efficacious in
cases of anaemia, nervous disorders, sexual diseases, specially
for women, and heart diseases. Franzensbad is frequently
resorted to as an after-cure by patients from Carlsbad and
Marienbad. Another important part of the cure is the so-called
moor or mud-baths, prepared from the peat of the Franzensbad
marsh, which is very rich in mineral substances, like sulphates
of iron, of soda and of potash, organic acids, salt, &c.
The first information about the springs dates from the 16th century, and an analysis of the waters was made in 1565. They were first used for bathing purposes in 1707. But the foundation of Franzensbad as a watering-place really dates from 1793, when Dr Adler built here the first Kurhaus, and the place received its name after the emperor Francis I.
See Dr Loimann, Franzensbad (3rd ed., Vienna, 1900).
FRANZ JOSEF LAND, an arctic archipelago lying E. of
Spitsbergen and N. of Novaya Zemlya, extending northward
from about 80° to 82° N., and between 42° and 64° E. It is
described as a lofty glacier-covered land, reaching an extreme
elevation of about 2400 ft. The glaciers front, with a perpendicular
ice-wall, a shore of debris on which a few low plants
are found to grow—poppies, mosses and the like. The islands
are volcanic, the main geological formation being Tertiary or
Jurassic basalt, which occasionally protrudes through the
ice-cap in high isolated blocks near the shore. A connecting
island-chain between Franz Josef Land and Spitzbergen is
probable. The bear and fox are the only land mammals; insects
are rare; but the avifauna is of interest, and the Jackson
expedition distinguished several new species.
August Petermann expressed the opinion that Baffin may have sighted the west of Franz Josef Land in 1614, but the first actual discovery is due to Julius Payer, a lieutenant in the Austrian army, who was associated with Weyprecht in the second polar expedition fitted out by Count Wilczek on the ship “Tegetthof” in 1872. On the 13th of August 1873, the “Tegetthof” being then beset, high land was seen to the north-west. Later in the season Payer led expeditions to Hochstetter and Wilczek islands, and after a second winter in the ice-bound ship, a difficult journey was made northward through Austria Sound, which was reported to separate two large masses of land, Wilczek Land on the east from Zichy Land on the west, to Cape Fligely, in 82° 5′ N., where Rawlinson Sound branched away to the north-east. Cape Fligely was the highest latitude attained by Payer, and remained the highest attained in the Old World till 1895. Payer reported that from Cape Fligely land (Rudolf Land) stretched north-east to a cape (Cape Sherard Osborn), and mountain ranges were visible to the north, indicating lands beyond the 83rd parallel, to which the names King Oscar Land and Petermann Land were given. In 1879 De Bruyne sighted high land in the Franz Josef Land region, but otherwise it remained untouched until Leigh Smith, in the yacht “Eira,” explored the whole southern coast from 42° to 54° E. in 1881 and 1882, discovering many islands and sounds, and ascertaining that the coast of Alexandra Land, in the extreme west, trended to north-west and north.
After Leigh Smith came another pause, and no further mention is made of Franz Josef Land till 1894. In that year Mr Alfred Harmsworth (afterwards Lord Northcliffe) fitted out an expedition in the ship “Windward” under the leadership of Mr F. G. Jackson, with the object of establishing a permanent base from which systematic exploration should be carried on for successive years and, if practicable, a journey should be made to the Pole. Mr Jackson and his party landed at “Elmwood” (which was named from Lord Northcliffe’s seat in the Isle of Thanet), near Cape Flora, at the western extremity of Northbrook Island, on the 7th of September. After a preliminary reconnaissance to the north, which afterwards turned out to be vitally important, the summer of 1895 was spent in exploring the coast to the north-west by a boating expedition. This expedition visited many of the points seen by Leigh Smith, and discovered land, which it has been suggested may be the Gillies Land reported by the Dutch captain Gillies in 1707. In 1896 the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition worked northwards through an archipelago for about 70 m. and reached Cape Richthofen, a promontory 700 ft. high, whence an expanse of open water was seen to the northward, which received the name of Queen Victoria Sea. To the west, on the opposite side of a wide opening which was called the British Channel, appeared glacier-covered land, and an island lay to the northward. The island was probably the King Oscar Land of Payer. To north and north-east was the land which had been visited in the reconnaissance of the previous year, but beyond it a water-sky appeared in the
