Archaeol. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1849; Rev. F. Warre, “Notice of
Ruins of Glastonbury Abbey,” ib. 1859; Rev. W. A. Jones,
“On the Reputed Discovery of King Arthur’s Remains at Glastonbury,”
ib. 1859; Rev. J. R. Green, “Dunstan at Glastonbury”
and “Giso and Savaric,” ib. 1863; Rev. Canon Jackson, “Savaric,
Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury,” ib. 1862, 1863; E. A. Freeman,
“King Ine,” ib. 1872 and 1874; Dr W. Beattie, in Journ. of Brit. Archaeol. Ass. vol. xii., 1856; Rev. R. Willis, Architectural History of Glastonbury Abbey (1866); W. H. P. Greswell, Chapters on the Early History of Glastonbury Abbey (1909). Views and plans
of the abbey building will be found in Dugdale’s Monasticon (1655);
Stevens’s Monasticon (1720); Stukeley, Itinerarium curiosum (1724);
Grose, Antiquities (1754); Carter, Ancient Architecture (1800); Storer,
Antiq. and Topogr. Cabinet, ii., iv., v. (1807), &c.; Britton’s Architectural Antiquities, iv. (1813); Vetusta monumenta, iv. (1815); and
New Monasticon, i. (1817).
GLATIGNY, JOSEPH ALBERT ALEXANDRE (1830–1873), French poet, was born at Lillebonne (Seine Inférieure) on the 21st of May 1839. His father, who was a carpenter and afterwards a gendarme, removed in 1844 to Bernay, where Albert received an elementary education. Soon after leaving school he was apprenticed to a printer at Pont Audemer, where he produced a three-act play at the local theatre. He then joined a travelling company of actors to whom he acted as prompter. Inspired primarily by the study of Théodore de Banville, he published his Vignes folles in 1857; his best collection of lyrics, Les Flèches d’or, appeared in 1864; and a third volume, Gilles et pasquins, in 1872. After Glatigny settled in Paris he improvised at café concerts and wrote several one-act plays. On an expedition to Corsica with a travelling company he was on one occasion arrested and put in irons for a week through being mistaken by the police for a notorious criminal. His marriage with Emma Dennie brought him great happiness, but the hardships of his life weakened his health and he died at Sèvres on the 16th of April 1873.
See Catulle Mendès, Légende du Parnasse contemporain (1884), and Glatigny, drame funambulesque (1906).
GLATZ (Slav. Kladsko), a fortified town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Silesia, in a narrow valley on the left bank of the Neisse, not far from the Austrian frontier, 58 m. S.W. from Breslau by rail. Pop. (1905) 16,051. The town with its narrow streets winds up the fortified hill which is crowned by the old citadel. Across the river, on the Schäferberg, lies a more modern fortress built by the Prussians about 1750. Before the town on both banks of the river there is a fortified camp by which bombardment from the neighbouring heights can be hindered and which affords accommodation for 10,000 men. The inner ceinture of walls was razed in 1891 and their site is now occupied by new streets. There are a Lutheran and two Roman Catholic churches, one of which, the parish church, contains the monuments of seven Silesian dukes. Among the other buildings the principal are the Royal Catholic gymnasium and the military hospital. The industries include machine shops, breweries, and the manufacture of spirits, linen, damask, cloth, hosiery, beads and leather.
Glatz existed as early as the 10th century, and received German settlers about 1250. It was besieged several times during the Thirty Years’ War and during the Seven Years’ War and came into the possession of Prussia in 1742. In 1821 and 1883 great devastation was caused here by floods. The county of Glatz was long contended for by the kingdoms of Poland and of Bohemia. Eventually it became part of the latter country, and in 1534 was sold to the house of Habsburg, from whom it was taken by Frederick the Great during his attack on Silesia.
See Ludwig, Die Grafschaft Glatz in Wort und Bild (Breslau, 1897); Kutzen, Die Grafschaft Glatz (Glogau, 1873); and Geschichtsquellen der Grafschaft Glatz, edited by F. Volkmer and Hohaus (1883–1891).
GLAUBER, JOHANN RUDOLF (1604–1668), German chemist,
was born at Karlstadt, Bavaria, in 1604 and died at Amsterdam
in 1668. Little more is known of his life than that he resided
successively in Vienna, Salzburg, Frankfurt and Cologne before
settling in Holland, where he made his living chiefly by the sale
of secret chemical and medicinal preparations. Though his
writings abound in universal solvents and other devices of the
alchemists, he made some real contributions to chemical knowledge.
Thus he clearly described the preparation of hydrochloric
acid by the action of oil of vitriol on common salt, the manifold
virtues of sodium sulphate—sal mirabile, Glauber’s salt—formed
in the process being one of the chief themes of his Miraculum
mundi; and he noticed that nitric acid was formed when
nitre was substituted for the common salt. Further he prepared
a large number of substances, including the chlorides and other
salts of lead, tin, iron, zinc, copper, antimony and arsenic, and
he even noted some of the phenomena of double decomposition.
He was always anxious to turn his knowledge to practical account,
whether in preparing medicines, or in furthering industrial arts
such as dyeing, or in increasing the fertility of the soil by artificial
manures. One of his most notable works was his Teutschlands
Wohlfarth in which he urged that the natural resources of
Germany should be developed for the profit of the country and
gave various instances of how this might be done.
His treatises, about 30 in number, were collected and published at Frankfort in 1658–1659, at Amsterdam in 1661, and, in an English translation by Packe, at London in 1689.
GLAUBER’S SALT, decahydrated sodium sulphate,
Na2SO4, 10H2O. It is said by J. Kunkel to have been known
as an arcanum or secret medicine to the electoral house of
Saxony in the middle of the 16th century, but it was first described
by J. R. Glauber (De natura salium, 1658), who prepared it
by the action of oil of vitriol or sulphuric acid on common salt,
and, ascribing to it many medicinal virtues, termed it sal mirabile
Glauberi. As the mineral thenardite or mirabilite, which
crystallizes in the rhombic system, it occurs in many parts of
the world, as in Spain, the western states of North America
and the Russian Caucasus; in the last-named region, about
25 m. E. of Tiflis, there is a thick bed of the pure salt about 5 ft.
below the surface, and at Balalpashinsk there are lakes or ponds
the waters of which are an almost pure solution. The substance
is the active principle of many mineral waters, e.g. Frederickshall;
it occurs in sea-water and it is a constant constituent
of the blood. In combination with calcium sulphate, it constitutes
the mineral glauberite or brongniartite, Na2SO4·CaSO4,
which assumes forms belonging to the monoclinic system and
occurs in Spain and Austria. It has a bitter, saline, but not
acrid taste. At ordinary temperatures it crystallizes from
aqueous solutions in large colourless monoclinic prisms, which
effloresce in dry air, and at 35°C. melt in their water of crystallization.
At 100° they lose all their water, and on further heating
fuse at 843°. Its maximum solubility in water is at 34°; above
that temperature it ceases to exist in the solution as a decahydrate,
but changes to the anhydrous salt, the solubility of which
decreases with rise of temperature. Glauber’s salt readily forms
supersaturated solutions, in which crystallization takes place
suddenly when a crystal of the salt is thrown in; the same effect
is obtained by exposure to the air or by touching the solution
with a glass rod. In medicine it is employed as an aperient,
and is one of the safest and most innocuous known. For children
it may be mixed with common salt and the two be used with the
food without the child being conscious of any difference. Its
simulation of the taste of common salt also renders it suitable
for administration to insane patients and others who refuse to
take any drug. If, however, its presence is recognized sodium
phosphate may be substituted.
GLAUCHAU, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, on the right bank of the Mulde, 7 m. N. of Zwickau and 17 W. of Chemnitz by rail. Pop. (1875) 21,743; (1905) 24,556. It has important manufactures of woollen and half-woollen goods, in regard to which it occupies a high position in Germany. There are also dye-works, print-works, and manufactories of paper, linen, thread and machinery. Glauchau possesses a high grade school, elementary schools, a weaving school, an orphanage and an infirmary. Some portions of the extensive old castle date from the 12th century, and the Gottesacker church contains interesting antiquarian relics. Glauchau was founded by a colony of Sorbs and Wends, and belonged to the lords of Schönburg as early as the 12th century.
See R. Hofmann, Rückblick über die Geschichte der Stadt Glauchau (1897).
