further glossaries (Erasm. Nyerup published extracts from the
Leiden Glossary, Voss. 69, in 1787, Symbolae ad Literat. Teut.),
though glosses were constantly used or referred to by Salmasius,
Meursius, Heraldus, Barth, Fabricius and Burman at Leiden, where
a rich collection of glossaries had been obtained by the acquisition
of the Vossius library (cf. Loewe, Prodr. 168). In the 19th century
came Osann’s Glossarii Latini specimen (1826); the glossographic
publications of Angelo Mai (Classici auctores, vols. iii., vi., vii., viii.,
Rome, 1831–1836, containing Osbern’s Panormia, Placidus and
various glosses from Vatican MSS.); Fr. Oehler’s treatise (1847)
on the Cod. Amplonianus of Osbern, and his edition of the three
Erfurt glossaries, so important for Anglo-Saxon philology; in 1854
G. F. Hildebrand’s Glossarium Latinum (an extract from Abavus
minor), preserved in a Cod. Paris. lat. 7690; 1857, Thomas Wright’s
vol. of Anglo-Saxon glosses, which were republished with others in
1884 by R. Paul Wülcker under the title Anglo-Saxon and Old English
Vocabularies (London, 2 vols., 1857); L. Diefenbach’s supplement
to Du Cange, entitled Glossarium Latino-Germanicum mediae et
infimae aetatis, containing mostly glosses collected from glossaries,
vocabularies, &c., enumerated in the preface; Ritschl’s treatise
(1870) on Placidus, which called forth an edition (1875) of Placidus
by Deuerling; G. Loewe’s Prodromus (1876), and other treatises
by him, published after his death by G. Goetz (Leipzig, 1884);
1888, the second volume of Goetz’s own great Corpus glossariorum
Latinorum, of which seven volumes (except the first) had seen the
light by 1907, the last two being separately entitled Thesaurus
glossarum emendatarum, containing many emendations and corrections
of earlier glossaries by the author and other scholars; 1900,
Arthur S. Napier, Old English Glosses (Oxford), collected chiefly from
Aldhelm MSS., but also from Augustine, Avianus, Beda, Boethius,
Gregory, Isidore, Juvencus, Phocas, Prudentius, &c.
There are a very great number of glossaries still in MS. scattered in various libraries of Europe, especially in the Vatican, at Monte Cassino, Paris, Munich, Bern, the British Museum, Leiden, Oxford, Cambridge, &c. Much has already been done to make the material contained in these MSS. accessible in print, and much may yet be done with what is still unpublished, though we may find that the differences between the glossaries which often present themselves at first sight are mere differences in form introduced by successive more or less qualified copyists.
Some Celtic (Breton, Cornish, Welsh, Irish) glossaries have been preserved to us, the particulars of which may be learnt from the publications of Whitley Stokes, Sir John Rhys, Kuno Meyer, L. C. Stern, G. I. Ascoli, Heinr. Zimmer, Ernst Windisch, Nigra, and many others; these are published separately as books or in Zeuss’s Grammatica Celtica, A. Kühn’s Beiträge zur vergleich. Sprachforschung, Zeitschr. für celtische Philologie, Archiv für Celtische Lexicographie, the Revue celtique, Transactions of the London Philological Society, &c.
The first Hebrew author known to have used glosses was R. Gershom of Metz (1000) in his commentaries on the Talmud. But he and other Hebrew writers after him mostly used the Old French language (though sometimes also Italian, Slavonic, German) of which an example has been published by Lambert and Brandin, in their Glossaire hébreu-français du XIII e siècle: recueil de mots hébreux bibliques avec traduction française (Paris, 1905). See further The Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London, 1903), article “Gloss.”
Authorities.—For a great part of what has been said above, the writer is indebted to G. Goetz’s article on “Latein. Glossographie” in Pauly’s Realencyklopädie. By the side of Goetz’s Corpus stands the great collection of Steinmeyer and Sievers, Die althochdeutschen Glossen (in 4 vols., 1879–1898), containing a vast number of (also Anglo-Saxon) glosses culled from Bible MSS. and MSS. of classical Christian authors, enumerated and described in the 4th vol. Besides the works of the editors of, or writers on, glosses, already mentioned, we refer here to a few others, whose writings may be consulted: Hugo Blümner; Catholicon Anglicum (ed. Hertage); De-Vit (at end of Forcellini’s Lexicon); F. Deycks; Du Cange; Funck; J. H. Gallée (Altsächs. Sprachdenkm., 1894); Gröber; K. Gruber (Hauptquellen des Corpus, Épin. u. Erfurt Gloss., Erlangen, 1904); Hattemer; W. Heraeus (Die Sprache des Petronius und die Glossen, Leipzig, 1899); Kettner; Kluge; Krumbacher; Lagarde; Landgraf; Marx; W. Meyer-Lubke (“Zu den latein. Glossen” in Wiener Stud. xxv. 90 sqq.); Henry Nettleship; Niedermann, Notes d’étymol. lat. (Macon, 1902), Contribut. à la critique des glosses latines (Neuchâtel, 1905); Pokrowskij; Quicherat; Otto B. Schlutter (many important articles in Anglia, Englische Studien, Archiv f. latein. Lexicographie, &c.); Schöll; Schuchardt; Leo Sommer; Stadler; Stowasser; Strachan; H. Sweet; Usener (Rhein. Mus. xxiii. 496, xxiv. 382); A. Way, Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum (3 vols., London, 1843–1865); Weyman; Wilmanns (in Rhein. Mus. xxiv. 363); Wölfflin in Arch. für lat. Lexicogr.; Zupitza. Cf. further, the various volumes of the following periodicals: Romania; Zeitschr. für deutsches Alterthum; Anglia; Englische Studien; Journal of English and German Philology (ed. Cook and Karsten); Archiv für latein. Lexicogr., and others treating of philology, lexicography, grammar, &c. (J. H. H.)
GLOSSOP, a market town and municipal borough, in the
High Peak parliamentary division of Derbyshire, England, on
the extreme northern border of the county; 13 m. E. by S. of
Manchester by the Great Central railway. Pop. (1901) 21,526.
It is the chief seat of the cotton manufacture in Derbyshire,
and it has also woollen and paper mills, dye and print works,
and bleaching greens. The town consists of three main divisions,
the Old Town (or Glossop proper), Howard Town (or Glossop
Dale) and Mill Town. An older parish church was replaced by
that of All Saints in 1830; there is also a very fine Roman
Catholic church. In the immediate neighbourhood is Glossop
Hall, the seat of Lord Howard, lord of the manor, a picturesque
old building with extensive terraced gardens. On a hill near the
town is Melandra Castle, the site of a Roman fort guarding
Longdendale and the way into the hills of the Peak District.
In the neighbourhood also a great railway viaduct spans the
Dinting valley with sixteen arches. To the north, in Longdendale,
there are five lakes belonging to the water-supply system
of Manchester, formed by damming the Etherow, a stream which
descends from the high moors north-east of Glossop. The town
is governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area,
3052 acres.
Glossop was granted by Henry I. to William Peverel, on the attainder of whose son it reverted to the crown. In 1157 it was gifted by Henry II. to the abbey of Basingwerk. Henry VIII. bestowed it on the earl of Shrewsbury. It was made a municipal borough in 1866.
GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF. The English
earldom of Gloucester was held by several members of the royal
family, including Robert, a natural son of Henry I., and John,
afterwards king, and others, until 1218, when Gilbert de Clare
was recognized as earl of Gloucester. It remained in the family
of Clare (q.v.) until 1314, when another Earl Gilbert was killed
at Bannockburn; and after this date it was claimed by various
relatives of the Clares, among them by the younger Hugh le
Despenser (d. 1326) and by Hugh Audley (d. 1347), both of whom
had married sisters of Earl Gilbert. In 1397 Thomas le Despenser
(1373–1400), a descendant of the Clares, was created earl of
Gloucester; but in 1399 he was degraded from his earldom
and in January 1400 was beheaded.
The dukedom dates from 1385, when Thomas of Woodstock, a younger son of Edward III., was created duke of Gloucester, but his honours were forfeited when he was found guilty of treason in 1397. The next holder of the title was Humphrey, a son of Henry IV., who was created duke of Gloucester in 1414. He died without sons in 1447, and in 1461 the title was revived in favour of Richard, brother of Edward IV., who became king as Richard III. in 1483.
In 1659 Henry (1639–1660), a brother of Charles II., was formally created duke of Gloucester, a title which he had borne since infancy. This prince, sharing the exile of the Stuarts, had incensed his mother, Queen Henrietta Maria, by his firm adherence to the Protestant religion, and had fought among the Spaniards at Dunkirk in 1658. Having returned to England with Charles II., he died unmarried in London on the 13th of September 1660. The next duke was William (1689–1700), son of the princess Anne, who was, after his mother, the heir to the English throne, and who was declared duke of Gloucester by his uncle, William III., in 1689, but no patent for this creation was ever passed. William died on the 30th of July 1700, and again the title became extinct.
Frederick Louis, the eldest son of George II., was known for some time as duke of Gloucester, but when he was raised to the peerage in 1726 it was as duke of Edinburgh only. In 1764 Frederick’s third son, William Henry (1743–1805), was created duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh by his brother, George III. This duke’s secret marriage with Maria (d. 1807), an illegitimate daughter of Sir Edward Walpole and widow of James, 2nd Earl Waldegrave, in 1766, greatly incensed his royal relatives and led to his banishment from court. Gloucester died on the 25th of August 1805, leaving an only son, William Frederick (1776–1834), who now became duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh. The duke, who served with the British army in Flanders, married his cousin Mary (1776–1857), a daughter of George III. He died on the 30th of November 1834, leaving no children, and his
