who crossed the Sutlej in large numbers, and Sir Hugh Gough conducted the operations against them, being well supported by Lord Hardinge, the governor-general, who volunteered to serve under him. Successes in the hard-fought battles of Mudki and Ferozeshah were succeeded by the victory of Sobraon, and shortly afterwards the Sikhs sued for peace at Lahore. The services of Sir Hugh Gough were rewarded by his elevation to the peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Gough (April 1846). The war broke out again in 1848, and again Lord Gough took the field; but the result of the battle of Chillianwalla being equivocal, he was superseded by the home authorities in favour of Sir Charles Napier; before the news of the supersession arrived Lord Gough had finally crushed the Sikhs in the battle of Gujarat (February 1849). His tactics during the Sikh wars were the subject of an embittered controversy (see Sikh Wars). Lord Gough now returned to England, was raised to a viscountcy, and for the third time received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. A pension of £2000 per annum was granted to him by parliament, and an equal pension by the East India Company. He did not again see active service. In 1854 he was appointed colonel of the Royal Horse Guards, and two years later he was sent to the Crimea to invest Marshal Pélissier and other officers with the insignia of the Bath. Honours were multiplied upon him during his latter years. He was made a knight of St Patrick, being the first knight of the order who did not hold an Irish peerage, was sworn a privy councillor, was named a G.C.S.I., and in November 1862 was made field-marshal. He was twice married, and left children by both his wives. He died on the 2nd of March 1869.
See R. S. Rait, Lord Gough (1903); and Sir W. Lee Warner, Lord Dalhousie (1904).
GOUGH, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW (1817–1886), American
temperance orator, was born at Sandgate, Kent, England, on
the 22nd of August 1817. He was educated by his mother,
a schoolmistress, and at the age of twelve was sent to the United
States to seek his fortune. He lived for two years with family
friends on a farm in western New York, and then entered a
book-bindery in New York City to learn the trade. There in
1833 his mother joined him, but after her death in 1835 he fell
in with dissolute companions, and became a confirmed drunkard.
He lost his position, and for several years supported himself
as a ballad singer and story-teller in the cheap theatres and
concert-halls of New York and other eastern cities. Even this
means of livelihood was being closed to him, when in Worcester,
Massachusetts, in 1842 he was induced to sign a temperance
pledge. After several lapses and a terrific struggle, he determined
to devote his life to lecturing in behalf of temperance reform.
Gifted with remarkable powers of pathos and of description,
he was successful from the start, and was soon known and sought
after throughout the entire country, his appeals, which were
directly personal and emotional, being attended with extraordinary
responses. He continued his work until the end of his
life, made several tours of England, where his American success
was repeated, and died at his work, being stricken with apoplexy
on the lecture platform at Frankford, Pennsylvania, where he
passed away two days later, on the 18th of February 1886.
He published an Autobiography (1846); Orations (1854); Temperance
Addresses (1870); Temperance Lectures (1879); and Sunlight
and Shadow, or Gleanings from My Life Work (1880).
GOUGH, RICHARD (1735–1809), English antiquary, was born
in London on the 21st of October 1735. His father was a wealthy
M.P. and director of the East India Company. Gough was a
precocious child, and at twelve had translated from the French
a history of the Bible, which his mother printed for private
circulation. When fifteen he translated Abbé Fleury’s work on
the Israelites; and at sixteen he published an elaborate work
entitled Atlas Renovatus, or Geography modernized. In 1752
he entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he began
his work on British topography, published in 1768. Leaving
Cambridge in 1756, he began a series of antiquarian excursions
in various parts of Great Britain. In 1773 he began an edition
in English of Camden’s Britannia, which appeared in 1789.
Meantime he published, in 1786, the first volume of his splendid
work, the Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain, applied to
illustrate the history of families, manners, habits, and arts at the
different periods from the Norman Conquest to the Seventeenth
Century. This volume, which contained the first four centuries,
was followed in 1796 by a second volume containing the 15th
century, and an introduction to the second volume appeared
in 1799. Gough was chosen a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries
of London in 1767, and from 1771 to 1791 he was its director.
He was elected F.R.S. in 1775. He died at Enfield on the 20th
of February 1809. His books and manuscripts relating to
Anglo-Saxon and northern literature, all his collections in the
department of British topography, and a large number of his
drawings and engravings of other archaeological remains, were
bequeathed to the university of Oxford.
Among the minor works of Gough are An Account of the Bedford Missal (in MS.); A Catalogue of the Coins of Canute, King of Denmark (1777); History of Pleshy in Essex (1803); An Account of the Coins of the Seleucidae, Kings of Syria (1804); and “History of the Society of Antiquaries of London,” prefixed to their Archaeologia.
GOUJET, CLAUDE PIERRE (1697–1767), French abbé and
littérateur, was born in Paris on the 19th of October 1697.
He studied at the College of the Jesuits, and at the Collège
Mazarin, but he nevertheless became a strong Jansenist. In
1705 he assumed the ecclesiastical habit, in 1719 entered the
order of Oratorians, and soon afterwards was named canon
of St Jacques l’Hôpital. On account of his extreme Jansenist
opinions he suffered considerable persecution from the Jesuits,
and several of his works were suppressed at their instigation.
In his latter years his health began to fail, and he lost his
eyesight. Poverty compelled him to sell his library, a sacrifice
which hastened his death, which took place at Paris on the
1st of February 1767.
He is the author of Supplément au dictionnaire de Moréri (1735), and a Nouveau Supplément to a subsequent edition of the work; he collaborated in Bibliothèque française, ou histoire littéraire de la France (18 vols., Paris, 1740–1759); and in the Vies des saints (7 vols., 1730); he also wrote Mémoires historiques et littéraires sur le collège royal de France (1758); Histoire des Inquisitions (Paris, 1752); and supervised an edition of Richelet’s Dictionnaire, of which he has also given an abridgment. He helped the abbé Fabre in his continuation of Fleury’s Histoire ecclésiastique.
See Mémoires hist. et litt. de l’abbé Goujet (1767).
GOUJON, JEAN (c. 1520–c. 1566), French sculptor of the
16th century. Although some evidence has been offered in
favour of the date 1520 (Archives de l’art français, iii. 350),
the time and place of his birth are still uncertain. The
first mention of his name occurs in the accounts of the church
of St Maclou at Rouen in the year 1540, and in the following
year he was employed at the cathedral of the same town, where
he added to the tomb of Cardinal d’Amboise a statue of his
nephew Georges, afterwards removed, and possibly carved
portions of the tomb of Louis de Brezé, executed some time after
1545. On leaving Rouen, Goujon was employed by Pierre
Lescot, the celebrated architect of the Louvre, on the restorations
of St-Germain l’Auxerrois; the building accounts—some of
which for the years 1542–1544 were discovered by M. de Laborde
on a piece of parchment binding—specify as his work, not only
the carvings of the pulpit (Louvre), but also a Notre Dame de
Piété, now lost. In 1547 appeared Martin’s French translation
of Vitruvius, the illustrations of which were due, the translator
tells us in his “Dedication to the King,” to Goujon, “naguères
architecte de Monseigneur le Connétable, et maintenant un des
vôtres.” We learn from this statement not only that Goujon
had been taken into the royal service on the accession of Henry
II., but also that he had been previously employed under Bullant
on the château of Écouen. Between 1547 and 1549 he was
employed in the decoration of the Loggia ordered from Lescot
for the entry of Henry II. into Paris, which took place on the
16th of June 1549. Lescot’s edifice was reconstructed at the
end of the 18th century by Bernard Poyet into the Fontaine
des Innocents, this being a considerable variation of the original
design. At the Louvre, Goujon, under the direction of Lescot,
executed the carvings of the south-west angle of the court, the
