at Betchworth House, Dorking. Goulburn was one of Peel’s firmest supporters and most intimate friends. His eldest son, Henry (1813–1843), was senior classic and second wrangler at Cambridge in 1835.
See S. Walpole, History of England (1878–1886).
GOULBURN, a city of Argyle county, New South Wales,
Australia, 134 m. S.W. of Sydney by the Great Southern railway.
Pop. (1901) 10,618. It lies in a productive agricultural district,
at an altitude of 2129 ft., and is a place of great importance,
being the chief depot of the inland trade of the southern part
of the state. There are Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals.
Manufactures of boots and shoes, flour and beer, and tanning
are important. The municipality was created in 1859; and
Goulburn became a city in 1864.
GOULD, AUGUSTUS ADDISON (1805–1866), American
conchologist, was born at New Ipswich, New Hampshire, on the
23rd of April 1805, graduated at Harvard College in 1825, and
took his degree of doctor of medicine in 1830. Thrown from
boyhood on his own exertions, it was only by industry,
perseverance and self-denial that he obtained the means to pursue
his studies. Establishing himself in Boston, he devoted himself
to the practice of medicine, and finally rose to high professional
rank and social position. He became president of the Massachusetts
Medical Society, and was employed in editing the vital
statistics of the state. As a conchologist his reputation is world-wide,
and he was one of the pioneers of the science in America.
His writings fill many pages of the publications of the Boston
Society of Natural History (see vol. xi. p. 197 for a list) and
other periodicals. He published with L. Agassiz the Principles
of Zoology (2nd ed. 1851); he edited the Terrestrial and
Air-breathing Mollusks (1851–1855) of Amos Binney (1803–1847); he
translated Lamarck’s Genera of Shells. The two most important
monuments to his scientific work, however, are Mollusca and
Shells (vol. xii., 1852) of the United States exploring expedition
(1838–1842) under Lieutenant Charles Wilkes (1833), published by
the government, and the Report on the Invertebrata published by
order of the legislature of Massachusetts in 1841. A second
edition of the latter work was authorized in 1865, and published
in 1870 after the author’s death, which took place at Boston
on the 15th of September 1866. Gould was a corresponding
member of all the prominent American scientific societies, and
of many of those of Europe, including the London Royal Society.
GOULD, BENJAMIN APTHORP (1824–1896), American
astronomer, a son of Benjamin Apthorp Gould (1787–1859),
principal of the Boston Latin school, was born at Boston,
Massachusetts, on the 27th of September 1824. Having graduated
at Harvard College in 1844, he studied mathematics and
astronomy under C. F. Gauss at Göttingen, and returned to
America in 1848. From 1852 to 1867 he was in charge of the
longitude department of the United States coast survey; he
developed and organized the service, was one of the first to
determine longitudes by telegraphic means, and employed the
Atlantic cable in 1866 to establish longitude-relations between
Europe and America. The Astronomical Journal was founded
by Gould in 1849; and its publication, suspended in 1861,
was resumed by him in 1885. From 1855 to 1859 he acted as
director of the Dudley observatory at Albany, New York;
and published in 1859 a discussion of the places and proper
motions of circumpolar stars to be used as standards by the
United States coast survey. Appointed in 1862 actuary to
the United States sanitary commission, he issued in 1869 an
important volume of Military and Anthropological Statistics.
He fitted up in 1864 a private observatory at Cambridge, Mass.;
but undertook in 1868, on behalf of the Argentine republic,
to organize a national observatory at Cordoba; began to observe
there with four assistants in 1870, and completed in 1874 his
Uranometria Argentina (published 1879) for which he received
in 1883 the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.
This was followed by a zone-catalogue of 73,160 stars (1884), and
a general catalogue (1885) compiled from meridian observations
of 32,448 stars. Gould’s measurements of L. M. Rutherfurd’s
photographs of the Pleiades in 1866 entitle him to rank as a
pioneer in the use of the camera as an instrument of precision;
and he secured at Cordoba 1400 negatives of southern
star-clusters, the reduction of which occupied the closing years of
his life. He returned in 1885 to his home at Cambridge, where
he died on the 26th of November 1896.
See Astronomical Journal, No. 389; Observatory, xx. 70 (same notice abridged); Science (Dec. 18, 1896, S. C. Chandler); Astrophysical Journal, v. 50; Monthly Notices Roy. Astr. Society, lvii. 218.
GOULD, SIR FRANCIS CARRUTHERS (1844–), English
caricaturist and politician, was born in Barnstaple on the 2nd
of December 1844. Although in early youth he showed great
love of drawing, he began life in a bank and then joined the
London Stock Exchange, where he constantly sketched the
members and illustrated important events in the financial
world; many of these drawings were reproduced by lithography
and published for private circulation. In 1879 he began the
regular illustration of the Christmas numbers of Truth, and in
1887 he became a contributor to the Pall Mall Gazette,
transferring his allegiance to the Westminster Gazette on its foundation
and subsequently acting as assistant editor. Among his
independent publications are Who killed Cock Robin? (1897), Tales
told in the Zoo (1900), two volumes of Froissart’s Modern
Chronicles, told and pictured by F. C. Gould (1902 and 1903),
and Picture Politics—a periodical reprint of his Westminster
Gazette cartoons, one of the most noteworthy implements of
political warfare in the armoury of the Liberal party. Frequently
grafting his ideas on to subjects taken freely from Uncle Remus,
Alice in Wonderland, and the works of Dickens and Shakespeare,
Sir F. C. Gould used these literary vehicles with extraordinary
dexterity and point, but with a satire that was not unkind and
with a vigour from which bitterness, virulence and cynicism
were notably absent. He was knighted in 1906.
GOULD, JAY (1836–1892), American financier, was born in
Roxbury, Delaware county, New York, on the 27th of May 1836.
He was brought up on his father’s farm, studied at Hobart
Academy, and though he left school in his sixteenth year, devoted
himself assiduously thereafter to private study, chiefly of mathematics
and surveying, at the same time keeping books for a
blacksmith for his board. For a short time he worked for his
father in the hardware business; in 1852–1856 he worked as a
surveyor in preparing maps of Ulster, Albany and Delaware
counties in New York, of Lake and Geauga counties in Ohio,
and of Oakland county in Michigan, and of a projected
railway line between Newburgh and Syracuse, N.Y. An ardent
anti-renter in his boyhood and youth, he wrote A History of
Delaware County and the Border Wars of New York, containing
a Sketch of the Early Settlements in the County, and A History
of the Late Anti-Rent Difficulties in Delaware (Roxbury, 1856).
He then engaged in the lumber and tanning business in western
New York, and in banking at Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. In
1863 he married Miss Helen Day Miller, and through her father,
Daniel S. Miller, he was appointed manager of the Rensselaer
& Saratoga railway, which he bought up when it was in a very
bad condition, and skilfully reorganized; in the same way he
bought and reorganized the Rutland & Washington railway,
from which he ultimately realized a large profit. In 1859 he
removed to New York City, where he became a broker in railway
stocks, and in 1868 he was elected president of the Erie railway, of
which by shrewd strategy he and James Fisk, Jr. (q.v.), had gained
control in July of that year. The management of the road under
his control, and especially the sale of $5,000,000 of fraudulent
stock in 1868–1870, led to litigation begun by English
bondholders, and Gould was forced out of the company in March
1872 and compelled to restore securities valued at about
$7,500,000. It was during his control of the Erie that he and
Fisk entered into a league with the Tweed Ring, they admitted
Tweed to the directorate of the Erie, and Tweed in turn arranged
favourable legislation for them at Albany. With Tweed, Gould
was cartooned by Nast in 1869. In October 1871 Gould was the
chief bondsman of Tweed when the latter was held in $1,000,000
bail. With Fisk in August 1869 he began to buy gold in a daring
