with Guernsey and Jersey, and with the islands of St Pierre and Miquelon. The principal exports are eggs, vegetables and fish; coal, timber and chemical manures are imported. The industries include ship-building, fish-salting, the manufacture of cod-liver oil, the preserving of vegetables, dyeing, metal-founding, rope-making and the manufacture of chemical manures. Among the public institutions are a tribunal and a chamber of commerce. In the commune are included the Iles Chausey about 712 m. N.W. of Granville (see Channel Islands). Granville, before an insignificant village, was fortified by the English in 1437, taken by the French in 1441, bombarded and burned by the English in 1695, and unsuccessfully besieged by the Vendean troops in 1793. It was again bombarded by the English in 1803.
GRANVILLE, a village in Licking county, Ohio, U.S.A., in
the township of Granville, about 6 m. W. of Newark and 27 m.
E. by N. of Columbus. Pop. of the village (1910) 1394; of the
township (1910) 2442. Granville is served by the Toledo & Ohio
Central and the Ohio Electric railways, the latter reaching
Newark (where it connects with the Pittsburg, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio railways), Columbus,
Dayton, Zanesville and Springfield. Granville is the seat of
Denison University, founded in 1831 by the Ohio Baptist
Education Society and opened as a manual labour school, called
the Granville Literary and Theological Institution. It was
renamed Granville College in 1845, and took its present name
in 1854 in honour of William S. Denison of Adamsville, Ohio,
who had given $10,000 to the college. The university comprised
in 1907–1908 five departments: Granville College (229 students),
the collegiate department for men; Shepardson College (246
students, including 82 in the preparatory department), the collegiate
department for women, founded as the Young Ladies’
Institute of Granville in 1859, given to the Baptist denomination
in 1887 by Dr Daniel Shepardson, its principal and owner,
and closely affiliated for scholastic purposes, since 1900, with the
university, though legally it is still a distinct institution;
Doane Academy (137 students), the preparatory department
for boys, established in 1831, named Granville Academy in
1887, and renamed in 1895 in honour of William H. Doane of
Cincinnati, who gave to it its building; a conservatory of music
(137 students); and a school of art (38 students).
In 1805 the Licking Land Company, organized in the preceding year in Granville, Massachusetts, bought 29,040 acres of land in Ohio, including the site of Granville; the town was laid out, and in the last months of that year settlers from Granville, Mass., began to arrive. By January 1806 the colony numbered 234 persons; the township was incorporated in 1806 and the village was incorporated in 1831. There are several remarkable Indian mounds near Granville, notably one shaped like an alligator.
See Henry Bushnell, History of Granville, Ohio (Columbus, O., 1889).
GRAPE, the fruit of the vine (q.v.). The word is adopted
from the O. Fr. grape, mod. grappe, bunch or cluster of flowers
or fruit, grappes de raisin, bunch of grapes. The French word
meant properly a hook; cf. M.H.G. krapfe, Eng. “grapnel,” and
“cramp.” The development of meaning seems to be vine-hook,
cluster of grapes cut with a hook, and thence in English a single
grape of a cluster. The projectile called “grape” or “grape-shot,”
formerly used with smooth-bore ordnance, took its name
from its general resemblance to a bunch of grapes. It consisted
of a number of spherical bullets (heavier than those of the contemporary
musket) arranged in layers separated by thin iron
plates, a bolt passing through the centre of the plates binding
the whole together. On being discharged the projectile delivered
the bullets in a shower somewhat after the fashion of case-shot.
GRAPHICAL METHODS, devices for representing by geometrical
figures the numerical data which result from the quantitative
investigation of phenomena. The simplest application is met
with in the representation of tabular data such as occur in
statistics. Such tables are usually of single entry, i.e. to a certain
value of one variable there corresponds one, and only one, value
of the other variable. To construct the graph, as it is called,
of such a table, Cartesian co-ordinates are usually employed.
Two lines or axes at right angles to each other are chosen, intersecting
at a point called the origin; the horizontal axis is the
axis of abscissae, the vertical one the axis of ordinates. Along
one, say the axis of abscissae, distances are taken from the origin
corresponding to the values of one of the variables; at these
points perpendiculars are erected, and along these ordinates
distances are taken corresponding to the related values of the
other variable. The curve drawn through these points is the
graph. A general inspection of the graph shows in bold relief
the essential characters of the table. For example, if the world’s
production of corn over a number of years be plotted, a poor
yield is represented by a depression, a rich one by a peak, a
uniform one over several years by a horizontal line and so on.
Moreover, such graphs permit a convenient comparison of two
or more different phenomena, and the curves render apparent
at first sight similarities or differences which can be made out from
the tables only after close examination. In making graphs for
comparison, the scales chosen must give a similar range of
variation, otherwise the correspondence may not be discerned.
For example, the scales adopted for the average consumption of
tea and sugar must be ounces for the former and pounds for the
latter. Cartesian graphs are almost always yielded by automatic
recording instruments, such as the barograph, meteorograph,
seismometer, &c. The method of polar co-ordinates is more
rarely used, being only specially applicable when one of the
variables is a direction or recorded as an angle. A simple case is
the representation of photometric data, i.e. the value of the
intensity of the light emitted in different directions from a
luminous source (see Lighting).
The geometrical solution of arithmetical and algebraical problems is usually termed graphical analysis; the application to problems in mechanics is treated in Mechanics, § 5, Graphic Statics, and Diagram. A special phase is presented in Vector Analysis.
GRAPHITE, a mineral species consisting of the element
carbon crystallized in the rhombohedral system. Chemically,
it is thus identical with the cubic mineral diamond, but between
the two there are very wide differences in physical characters.
Graphite is black and opaque, whilst diamond is colourless and
transparent; it is one of the softest (H＝1) of minerals, and
diamond the hardest of all; it is a good conductor of electricity,
whilst diamond is a bad conductor. The specific gravity is 2·2,
that of diamond is 3·5. Further, unlike diamond, it never
occurs as distinctly developed crystals, but only as imperfect
six-sided plates and scales. There is a perfect cleavage parallel
to the surface of the scales, and the cleavage flakes are flexible
but not elastic. The material is greasy to the touch, and soils
everything with which it comes into contact. The lustre is
bright and metallic. In its external characters graphite is thus
strikingly similar to molybdenite (q.v.).
The name graphite, given by A. G. Werner in 1789, is from the Greek γράφειν, “to write,” because the mineral is used for making pencils. Earlier names, still in common use, are plumbago and black-lead, but since the mineral contains no lead these names are singularly inappropriate. Plumbago (Lat. plumbum, lead) was originally used for an artificial product obtained from lead ore, and afterwards for the ore (galena) itself; it was confused both with graphite and with molybdenite. The true chemical nature of graphite was determined by K. W. Scheele in 1779.
Graphite occurs mainly in the older crystalline rocks—gneiss, granulite, schist and crystalline limestone—and also sometimes in granite: it is found as isolated scales embedded in these rocks, or as large irregular masses or filling veins. It has also been observed as a product of contact-metamorphism in carbonaceous clay-slates near their contact with granite, and where igneous rocks have been intruded into beds of coal; in these cases the mineral has clearly been derived from organic matter. The graphite found in granite and in veins in gneiss, as well as that contained in meteoric irons, cannot have had such an origin. As an artificial product, graphite is well known as dark lustrous scales in grey pig-iron, and in the “kish” of iron furnaces: it is also produced artificially on a large scale, together with
