compels the transfer of cargoes to and from lighters. The town is surrounded by a rich grazing country, and exports cattle, jerked beef, mutton, hides, pelts, tallow, wool and various by-products. A branch line running N. connects with the Entre Rios railways at Basavilbaso. The town was founded in 1783.
GUALO, CARDINAL (fl. 1216), was sent to England by Pope
Innocent III. in 1216. He supported John with all the weight
of papal authority. After John’s death he crowned the infant
Henry III. and played an active part in organizing resistance
to the rebels led by Louis of France, afterwards king Louis VIII.
As representing the pope, the suzerain of Henry, he claimed the
regency and actually divided the chief power with William
Marshal, earl of Pembroke. He proclaimed a crusade against
Louis and the French, and, after the peace of Lambeth, he forced
Louis to make a public and humiliating profession of penitence
(1217). He punished the rebellious clergy severely, and ruled
the church with an absolute hand till his departure from England
in 1218. Gualo’s character has been severely criticized by English
writers; but his chief offence seems to have been that of representing
unpopular papal claims.
GUAM (Span. Guajan; Guahan, in the native Chamorro),
the largest and most populous of the Ladrone or Mariana Islands,
in the North Pacific, in 13° 26′ N. lat. and 144° 39′ E. long.,
about 1823 m. E. by S. of Hong Kong, and about 1450 m. E.
of Manila. Pop. (1908) about 11,360, of whom 363 were foreigners,
140 being members of the U.S. naval force. Guam extends about
30 m. from N.N.E. to S.S.W., has an average width of about
612 m., and has an area of 207 sq. m. The N. portion is a plateau
from 300 to 600 ft. above the sea, lowest in the interior and
highest along the E. and W. coast, where it terminates abruptly
in bluffs and headlands; Mt Santa Rosa, toward the N.
extremity, has an elevation of 840 ft. A range of hills from
700 to nearly 1300 ft. in height traverses the S. portion from
N. to S. a little W. of the middle—Mt Jumullong Mangloc, the
highest peak, has an elevation of 1274 ft. Between the foot of the
steep W. slope of these hills and the sea is a belt of rolling
lowlands and to the E. the surface is broken by the valleys of
five rivers with a number of tributaries, has a general slope
toward the sea, and terminates in a coast-line of bluffs. Apra
(formerly San Luis d’Apra) on the middle W. coast is the only good
harbour; it is about 312 m. across, has a depth of 4-27 fathoms,
and is divided into an inner and an outer harbour by a peninsula
and an island. It serves as a naval station and as a port of transit
between America and the Philippines, at which army transports
call monthly. Deer, wild hog, duck, curlew, snipe and pigeon
are abundant game, and several varieties of fish are caught.
Some of the highest points of the island are nearly bare of vegetation,
and the more elevated plateau surface is covered with
sword grass, but in the valleys and on the lower portions of the
plateaus there is valuable timber. The lowlands have a rich
soil; in lower parts of the highlands raised coralliferous limestone
with a light covering of soil appears, and in the higher parts the
soil is entirely of clay and silt. The climate is agreeable and
healthy. From December to June the N.E. trade winds prevail
and the rainfall is relatively light; during the other six months
the monsoon blows and produces the rainy season. Destructive
typhoons and earthquakes sometimes visit Guam. The island
is thought to possess little if any mineral wealth, with the
possible exception of coal. Only a small part of Guam is under
cultivation, and most of this lies along the S.W. coast, its chief
products being cocoanuts, rice, sugar, coffee and cacao. A
United States Agricultural Experiment Station in Guam (at
Agaña) was provided for in 1908.
The inhabitants are of the Chamorro (Indonesian) stock, strongly intermixed with Philippine Tagals and Spaniards; their speech is a dialect of Malay, corrupted by Tagal and Spanish. There are very few full-blood Chamorros. The aboriginal native was of a very dark mahogany or chocolate colour. A majority of the total number of natives live in Agaña. The natives are nearly all farmers, and most of them are poor, but their condition has been improved under American rule. Public schools have been established; in 1908 the enrolment was 1700. On the island there is a small colony of lepers, segregated only after American occupation. Gangrosa is a disease said to be peculiar to Guam and the neighbouring islands; it is due to a specific bacillus and usually destroys the nasal septum. The victims of this disease also are segregated. There is a good general hospital.
Agaña (or San Ignacio de Agaña) is the capital and principal town; under the Spanish régime it was the capital of the Ladrones. It is about 5 m. N.E. of Piti, the landing-place of Apra harbour and port of entry, with which it is connected by an excellent road. Agaña has paved streets and sewer and water systems. Other villages, all small, are Asan, Piti, Sumay, Umata, Merizo and Inarajan. Guam is governed by a “naval governor,” an officer of the U.S. navy who is commandant of the naval station. The island is divided into four administrative districts, each with an executive head called a gobernadorcillo (commissioner), and there are a court of appeals, a court of first instance and courts of justices of the peace. Peonage was abolished in the island by the United States in February 1900. Telegraphic communication with the Caroline Islands was established in 1905; in 1908 there were four cables ending at the relay station at Sumay on the Shore of Apra harbour.
Guam was discovered by Magellan in 1521, was occupied by Spain in 1688, was captured by the United States cruiser “Charleston” in June 1899, and was ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris on the 10th of December 1898.
See A List of Books (with References to Periodicals) on Samoa and Guam (1901; issued by the Library of Congress); L. M. Cox, “The Island of Guam,” in Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. 36 (New York, 1904); Gen. Joseph Wheeler, Report on the Island of Guam, June 1900 (War Department, Document No. 123); F. W. Christian, The Caroline Islands (London, 1899); an account of the flora of Guam by W. E. Safford in the publications of the National Herbarium (Smithsonian Institution); and the reports of the naval governor.
GUAN, a word apparently first introduced into the ornithologist’s
vocabulary about 1743 by Edwards,[1] who said that a
bird he figured (Nat. Hist. Uncommon Birds, pl. xiii.) was
“so called in the West Indies,” and the name has hence been
generally applied to all the members of the subfamily Penelopinae,
which are distinguished from the kindred subfamily Cracinae
or curassows by the broad postacetabular area of the pelvis
as pointed out by Huxley (Proc. Zool. Society, 1868, p. 297)
as well as by their maxilla being wider than it is high, with its
culmen depressed, the crown feathered, and the nostrils bare—the
last two characters separating the Penelopinae from the
Oreophasinae, which form the third subfamily of the Cracidae,[2] a
family belonging to that taxonomer’s division Peristeropodes
of the order Gallinae.
The Penelopinae have been separated into seven genera, of which Penelope and Ortalis, containing respectively about sixteen and nineteen species, are the largest, the others numbering from one to three only. Into their minute differences it would be useless to enter: nearly all have the throat bare of feathers, and from that of many of them hangs a wattle; but one form, Chamaepetes, has neither of these features, and Stegnolaema, though wattled, has the throat clothed. With few exceptions the guans are confined to the South-American continent; one species of Penelope is however found in Mexico (e.g. at Mazatlan), Pipile cumanensis inhabits Trinidad as well as the mainland, while three species of Ortalis occur in Mexico or Texas, and one, which is also common to Venezuela, in Tobago. Like curassows, guans are in great measure of arboreal habit. They also readily
- ↑ Edwards also gives “quan” as an alternative spelling, and this may be nearer the original form, since we find Dampier in 1676 writing (Voy. ii. pt. 2, p. 66) of what was doubtless an allied if not the same bird as the “quam.” The species represented by Edwards does not seem to have been identified.
- ↑ See the excellent Synopsis by Sclater and Salvin in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1870 (pp. 504-544), while further information on the Cracinae was given by Sclater in the Transactions of the same society (ix. pp. 273-288, pls. xl.-liii.). Some additions have since been made to the knowledge of the family, but none of very great importance.
