right bank of the Trieux, 20 m. W.N.W. of St Brieuc on the railway to Brest. Pop. (1906), town 6937, commune 9212. Its chief church, Notre-Dame de Bon-Secours, dates from the 14th to the 16th centuries; two towers rise on each side of the richly sculptured western portal and a third surmounts the crossing. A famous statue of the Virgin, the object of one of the most important “pardons” or religious pilgrimages in Brittany, stands in one of the two northern porches. The central square is decorated by a graceful fountain in the Renaissance style, restored in 1743. Remains of the ramparts and of the château of the dukes of Penthièvre, which belong to the 15th century, still survive. Guingamp is the seat of a sub-prefect and of a tribunal of first instance. It is an important market for dairy-cattle, and its industries include flour-milling, tanning and leather-dressing. Guingamp was the chief town of the countship (subsequently the duchy) of Penthièvre. The Gothic chapel of Grâces, near Guingamp, contains fine sculptures.
GUINNESS, the name of a family of Irish brewers. The
firm was founded by Arthur Guinness, who about the middle
of the 18th century owned a modest brewing-plant at Leixlip,
a village on the upper reaches of the river Liffey. In or about
1759 Arthur Guinness, seeking to extend his trade, purchased
a small porter brewery belonging to a Mr Rainsford at St James’s
Gate, Dublin. By careful attention to the purity of his product,
coupled with a shrewd perception of the public taste, he built
up a considerable business. But his third son, Benjamin Lee
Guinness (1798–1868), may be regarded as the real maker of
the firm, into which he was taken at an early age, and of which
about 1825 he was given sole control. Prior to that date the
trade in Guinness’s porter and stout had been confined to Ireland,
but Benjamin Lee Guinness at once established agencies in the
United Kingdom, on the continent, in the British colonies and
in America. The export trade soon assumed huge proportions;
the brewery was continually enlarged, and when in 1855 his
father died, Benjamin Lee Guinness, who in 1851 was elected
first lord mayor of Dublin, found himself sole proprietor of the
business and the richest man in Ireland. Between 1860 and
1865 he devoted a portion of this wealth to the restoration
of St Patrick’s cathedral, Dublin. The work, the progress
of which he regularly superintended himself, cost £160,000.
Benjamin Lee Guinness represented the city of Dublin in parliament
as a Conservative from 1865 till his death, and in 1867
was created a baronet. He died in 1868, and was succeeded in
the control of the business by Sir Arthur Edward Guinness (b.
1840), his eldest, and Edward Cecil Guinness (b. 1847), his third,
son. Sir Arthur Edward Guinness, who for some time represented
Dublin in parliament, was in 1880 raised to the peerage
as Baron Ardilaun, and about the same time disposed of his
share in the brewery to his brother Edward Cecil Guinness.
In 1886 Edward Cecil Guinness disposed of the brewery,
the products of which were then being sent all over the world,
to a limited company, in which he remained the largest shareholder.
Edward Cecil Guinness was created a baronet in 1885,
and in 1891 was raised to the peerage as Baron Iveagh.
The Guinness family have been distinguished for their philanthropy and public munificence. Lord Ardilaun gave a recreation ground to Dublin, and the famous Muckross estate at Killarney to the nation. Lord Iveagh set aside £250,000 for the creation of the Guinness trust (1889) for the erection and maintenance of buildings for the labouring poor in London and Dublin, and was a liberal benefactor to the funds of Dublin university.
GUINOBATAN, a town of the province of Albay, Luzon,
Philippine Islands, on the Inaya river, 9 m. W. by N. of the town
of Albay. Pop. (1903), 20,027. Its chief interest is in hemp,
which is grown in large quantities in the neighbouring country.
GUIPÚZCOA, a maritime province of northern Spain, included
among the Basque provinces, and bounded on the N. by the
Bay of Biscay; W. by the province of Biscay (Vizcaya); S. and
S.E. by. Álava and Navarre: and N.E. by the river Bidassoa,[1]
which separates it from France. Pop. (1900), 195,850; area,
728 sq. m. Situated on the northern slope of the great Cantabrian
chain at its junction with the Pyrenees, the province has
a great variety of surface in mountain, hill and valley; and its
scenery is highly picturesque. The coast is much indented,
and has numerous harbours, but none of very great importance;
the chief are those of San Sebastian, Pasajes, Guetaria, Deva
and Fuenterrabia. The rivers (Deva, Urola, Oria, Urumea,
Bidassoa) are all short, rapid and unnavigable. The mountains
are for the most part covered with forests of oak, chestnut or
pine; holly and arbutus are also common, with furze and heath
in the poorer parts. The soil in the lower valleys is generally
of hard clay and unfertile; it is cultivated with great care,
but the grain raised falls considerably short of what is required
for home consumption. The climate, though moist, is mild,
pleasant and healthy; fruit is produced in considerable
quantities, especially apples for manufacture into zaragua or
cider. The chief mineral products are iron, lignite, lead, copper,
zinc and cement. Ferruginous and sulphurous springs are very
common, and are much frequented every summer by visitors
from all parts of the kingdom. There are excellent fisheries,
which supply the neighbouring provinces with cod, tunny,
sardines and oysters; and the average yearly value of the coasting
trade exceeds £400,000. By Irun, Pasajes and the frontier
roads £4,000,000 of imports and £3,000,000 of exports pass to
and from France, partly in transit for the rest of Europe. Apart
from the four Catalan provinces, no province has witnessed such
a development of local industries as Guipúzcoa. The principal
industrial centres are Irun, Renteria, Villabona, Vergara and
Azpéitia for cotton and linen stuffs; Zumarraga for osiers;
Eibar, Plasencia and Elgoibar for arms and cannon and gold
incrustations; Irun for soap and carriages; San Sebastian,
Irun and Onate for paper, glass, chemicals and saw-mills;
Tolosa for paper, timber, cloths and furniture; and the banks
of the bay of Pasajes for the manufacture of liqueurs of every
kind, and the preparation of wines for export and for consumption
in the interior of Spain. This last industry occupies several
thousand French and Spanish workmen. An arsenal was
established at Azpéitia during the Carlist rising of 1870–1874;
but the manufacture of ordnance and gunpowder was subsequently
discontinued. The main line of the northern railway
from Madrid to France runs through the province, giving access,
by a loop line, to the chief industrial centres. The custom-house
through which it passes on the frontier is one of the most
important in Spain. Despite the steep gradients, where traffic
is hardly possible except by ox-carts, there are over 350 m. of
admirably engineered roads, maintained solely by the local
tax-payers. After San Sebastian, the capital (pop. 1900, 37,812),
the chief towns are Fuenterrabia (4345) and Irun (9912). Other
towns with more than 6000 inhabitants are Azpéitia (6066),
Eibar (6583), Tolosa (8111) and Vergara (6196). Guipúzcoa
is the smallest and one of the most densely peopled provinces of
Spain; for its constant losses by emigration are counterbalanced
by a high birth-rate and the influx of settlers from other districts
who are attracted by its industrial prosperity.
For an account of its inhabitants and their customs, language and history, see Basques and Basque Provinces.
GUIRAUD, ERNEST (1837–1892), French composer, was
born at New Orleans on the 26th of June 1837. He studied at
the Paris Conservatoire, where he won the grand prix de Rome.
His father had gained the same distinction many years previously,
this being the only instance of both father and son obtaining
this prize. Ernest Guiraud composed the following operas:
Sylvie (1864); Le Kobold (1870), Madame Turlupin (1872),
Piccolino (1876), Galante Aventure (1882), and also the ballet
Gretna Green, given at the Opéra in 1873. His opera Frédégonde
was left in an unfinished condition and was completed by Camille
Saint-Saëns. Guiraud, who was a fellow-student and intimate
- ↑ A small island in the Bidassoa, called La Isla de los Faisanes, or l’Isle de la Conférence, is celebrated as the place where the marriage of the duke of Guienne was arranged between Louis XI. and Henry IV. in 1463, where Francis I., the prisoner of Charles V., was exchanged for his two sons in 1526, and where in 1659 “the Peace of the Pyrenees” was concluded between D. Luis de Haro and Cardinal Mazarin.
