HAKE (Merluccius vulgaris), a fish which differs from the cod in having only two dorsal fins, and one anal. It is very common on the coasts of Europe and eastern North America, but its flesh is much less esteemed than that of the true Gadi. Specimens 4 ft. in length are not scarce. There are local variations in the use of “hake” as a name; in America the “silver hake” (Merluccius bilinearis), sometimes called “whiting,” and “Pacific hake” (Merluccius productus) are also food-fishes of inferior quality.
HAKKAS (“Guests,” or “Strangers”), a people of S.W.
China, chiefly found in Kwang-Tung, Fu-Kien and Formosa.
Their origin is doubtful, but there is some ground for believing
that they may be a cross between the aboriginal Mongolic
element of northern China and the Chinese proper. According
to their tradition, they were in Shantung and northern China
as early as the 3rd century B.C. In disposition, appearance
and customs they differ from the true Chinese. They speak
a distinct dialect. Their women, who are prettier than the pure
Chinese, do not compress their feet, and move freely about in
public. The Hakkas are a most industrious people and furnish
at Canton nearly all the coolie labour employed by Europeans.
Their intelligence is great, and many noted scholars have been
of Hakka birth. Hung Sin-tsuan, the leader in the Taiping
rebellion, was a Hakka. In Formosa they serve as intermediaries
between the Chinese and European traders and the natives.
From time immemorial they seem to have been persecuted by
the Chinese, whom they regard as “foreigners,” and with whom
their means of communication is usually “pidgin English.”
The earliest persecution occurred under the “first universal
emperor” of China, Shi-Hwang-ti (246–210 B.C.). From this
time the Hakkas appear to have become wanderers. Sometimes
for generations they were permitted to live unmolested, as under
the Han dynasty, when some of them held high official posts.
During the Tang dynasty (7th, 8th, and 9th centuries) they
settled in the mountains of Fu-kien and on the frontiers of
Kwang-Tung. On the invasion of Kublai Khan, the Hakkas
distinguished themselves by their bravery on the Chinese side.
In the 14th century further persecutions drove them into
Kwang-Tung.
See “An Outline History of the Hakkas,” China Review (London, 1873–1874), vol. ii.; Pitou, “On the Origin and History of the Hakkas,” ib.; Dyer Ball, Easy Lessons in the Hakka Dialect (1884), Things Chinese (London, 1893); Schaub, “Proverbs in Daily Use among the Hakkas,” in China Review (London, 1894–1895), vol. xxi.; Rev. J. Edkins, China’s Place in Philology; Girard de Rialle, Rev. d. anthrop. (Jan. and April, 1885); G. Taylor, “The Aborigines of Formosa,” China Review, xiv. p. 198 seq., also xvi. No. 3, “A Ramble through Southern Formosa.”
HAKLUYT, RICHARD (c. 1553–1616), British geographer,
was born of good family in or near London about 1553. The
Hakluyts were of Welsh extraction, not Dutch as has been
supposed. They appear to have settled in Herefordshire as
early as the 13th century. The family seat was Eaton, 2 m.
S.E. of Leominster. Hugo Hakelute was returned M.P. for
that borough in 1304/5. Richard went to school at Westminster,
where he was a queen’s scholar; while there his future
bent was determined by a visit to his cousin and namesake,
Richard Hakluyt of the Middle Temple. His cousin ’s discourse,
illustrated by “certain bookes of cosmographie, an universall
mappe, and the Bible,” made young Hakluyt resolve to “prosecute
that knowledge and kind of literature.” Entering Christ
Church, Oxford, in 1570, “his exercises of duty first performed,”
he fell to his intended course of reading, and by degrees perused
all the printed or written voyages and discoveries that he could
find. He took his B.A. In 1573/4. It is probable that,
shortly after taking his M.A. (1577), he began at Oxford the first
public lectures in geography that “shewed both the old imperfectly
composed and the new lately reformed mappes, globes,
spheares, and other instruments of this art.” That this was not
in London is certain, as we know that the first lecture of the
kind was delivered in the metropolis on the 4th of November
1588 by Thomas Hood.
Hakluyt’s first published work was his Divers Voyages touching the Discoverie of America (London, 1582, 4to.). This brought him to the notice of Lord Howard of Effingham, and so to that of Sir Edward Stafford, Lord Howard’s brother-in-law; accordingly at the age of thirty, being acquainted with “the chiefest captaines at sea, the greatest merchants, and the best mariners of our nation,” he was selected as chaplain to accompany Stafford, now English ambassador at the French court, to Paris (1583). In accordance with the instructions of Secretary Walsingham, he occupied himself chiefly in collecting information of the Spanish and French movements, and “making diligent inquirie of such things as might yield any light unto our westerne discoverie in America.” The first fruits of Hakluyt’s labours in Paris are embodied in his important work entitled A particuler discourse concerning Westerne discoveries written in the yere 1584, by Richarde Hackluyt of Oxforde, at the requeste and direction of the righte worshipfull Mr Walter Raghly before the comynge home of his twoo barkes. This long-lost MS. was at last printed in 1877. Its object was to recommend the enterprise of planting the English race in the unsettled parts of North America. Hakluyt’s other works consist mainly of translations and compilations, relieved by his dedications and prefaces, which last, with a few letters, are the only material we possess out of which a biography of him can be framed. Hakluyt revisited England in 1584, laid before Queen Elizabeth a copy of the Discourse “along with one in Latin upon Aristotle’s Politicks,” and obtained, two days before his return to Paris, the grant of the next vacant prebend at Bristol, to which he was admitted in 1586 and held with his other preferments till his death.
While in Paris Hakluyt interested himself in the publication of the MS. journal of Laudonnière, the Histoire notable de la Florida, edited by Bassanier (Paris, 1586, 8vo.). This was translated by Hakluyt and published in London under the title of A notable historie containing foure voyages made by certayne French captaynes into Florida (London, 1587, 4to.). The same year De orbe novo Petri Martyris Anglerii decades octo illustratae labore et industria Richardi Hackluyti saw the light at Paris. This work contains the exceedingly rare copperplate map dedicated to Hakluyt and signed F. G. (supposed to be Francis Gualle); it is the first on which the name of “Virginia” appears.
In 1588 Hakluyt finally returned to England with Lady Stafford, after a residence in France of nearly five years. In 1589 he published the first edition of his chief work, The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation (fol., London, 1 vol.). In the preface to this we have the announcement of the intended publication of the first terrestrial globe made in England by Molyneux. In 1598–1600 appeared the final, reconstructed and greatly enlarged edition of The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (fol., 3 vols.). Some few copies contain an exceedingly rare map, the first on the Mercator projection made in England according to the true principles laid down by Edward Wright. Hakluyt’s great collection, though but little read, has been truly called the “prose epic of the modern English nation.” It is an invaluable treasure of material for the history of geographical discovery and colonization, which has secured for its editor a lasting reputation. In 1601 Hakluyt edited a translation from the Portuguese of Antonio Galvano, The Discoveries of the World (4to., London). In the same year his name occurs as an adviser to the East India Company, supplying them with maps, and informing them as to markets. Meantime in 1590 (April 20th) he had been instituted to the rectory of Withering-sett-cum-Brockford, Suffolk. In 1602, on the 4th of May, he was installed prebendary of Westminster, and in the following year he was elected archdeacon of Westminster. In the licence of his second marriage (30th of March 1604) he is also described as one of the chaplains of the Savoy, and his will contains a reference to chambers occupied by him there up to the time of his death; in another official document he is styled D.D. In 1605 he secured the prospective living of James Town, the intended capital of the intended colony of Virginia. This benefice he supplied, when the colony was at last established in 1607, by a curate, one Robert Hunt. In 1606 he appears as one
