a basilica, with four towers, in the later Romanesque style, dating from the 12th and 13th centuries and restored in 1848, containing old mural frescoes and carved figures. Remarkable among the other old buildings are the town-hall, of the 14th century and restored in the 17th century, with a crypt, and the Petershof, formerly the episcopal palace, but now utilized as law courts and a prison. The principal educational establishment is the gymnasium, with a library of 40,000 volumes. Close to the cathedral lies the house of the poet Gleim (q.v.), since 1899 the property of the municipality and converted into a museum. It contains a collection of the portraits of the friends of the poet-scholar and some valuable manuscripts. The principal manufactures of the town are sugar, cigars, paper, gloves, chemical products, beer and machinery. About a mile and a half distant are the Spiegelsberge, from which a fine view of the surrounding country is obtained, and the Klusberge, with prehistoric cave-dwellings cut out in the sandstone rocks.
The history of Halberstadt begins with the transfer to it, by Bishop Hildegrim I., in 820 of the see founded by Charlemagne at Seligenstadt. At the end of the 10th century the bishops were granted by the emperors the right to exercise temporal jurisdiction over their see, which became one of the most considerable of the ecclesiastical principalities of the Empire. As such it survived the introduction of the Reformation in 1542; but in 1566, on the death of Sigismund of Brandenburg (also archbishop of Madgeburg from 1552 to 1566), the last Catholic bishop, the chapter from motives of economy elected the infant Henry Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1589 he became duke of Brunswick, and two years later he abolished the Catholic rites in Halberstadt. The see was governed by lay bishops until 1648, when it was formally converted by the treaty of Westphalia into a secular principality for the elector of Brandenburg. By the treaty of Tilsit in 1807 it was annexed to the kingdom of Westphalia, but came again to Prussia on the downfall of Napoleon.
The town received a charter from Bishop Arnulf in 998. In 1113 it was burnt by the emperor Henry V., and in 1179 by Henry the Lion. During the Thirty Years’ War it was occupied alternately by the Imperialists and the Swedes, the latter of whom handed it over to Brandenburg.
See Lucanus, Der Dom zu Halberstadt (1837), Wegweiser durch Halberstadt (2nd ed., 1866) and Die Liebfrauenkirche zu Halberstadt (1872); Scheffer, Inschriften und Legenden halberstädtischer Bauten (1864); Schmidt, Urkundenbuch der Stadt Halberstadt (Halle, 1878); and Zschiesche, Halberstadt, sonst und jetzi (1882).
HALBERT, Halberd or Halbard, a weapon consisting of an
axe-blade balanced by a pick and having an elongated pike-head
at the end of the staff, which was usually about 5 or 6 ft. in
length. The utility of such a weapon in the wars of the later
middle ages lay in this, that it gave the foot soldier the means
of dealing with an armoured man on horseback. The pike could
do no more than keep the horseman at a distance. This ensured
security for the foot soldier but did not enable him to strike a
mortal blow, for which firstly a long-handled and secondly a
powerful weapon, capable of striking a heavy cleaving blow,
was required. Several different forms of weapon responding
to these requirements are described and illustrated below; it
will be noticed that the thrusting pike is almost always combined
with the cutting-bill hook or axe-head, so that the individual
billman or halberdier should not be at a disadvantage if caught
alone by a mounted opponent, or if his first descending blow
missed its object. It will be noticed further that, concurrently
with the disuse of complete armour and the development of
firearms, the pike or thrusting element gradually displaces the
axe or cleaving element in these weapons, till at last we arrive
at the court halberts and partizans of the late 16th and early
17th centuries and the so-called “halbert” of the infantry
officer and sergeant in the 18th, which can scarcely be classed
even as partizans.
Figs. 1-6 represent types of these long cutting, cut and thrust weapons of the middle ages, details being omitted for the sake of clearness. The most primitive is the voulge (fig. 1), which is simply a heavy cleaver on a pole, with a point added. The next form, the gisarme or guisarme (fig. 2), appears in infinite variety but is always distinguished from voulges, &c. by the hook, which was used to pull down mounted men, and generally resembles the agricultural bill-hook of to-day. The glaive (fig. 3 is late German) is a broad, heavy, slightly curved sword-blade on a stave; it is often combined with the hooked gisarme as a glaive-gisarme (fig. 4, Burgundian, about 1480). A gisarme-voulge is shown in fig. 5 (Swiss, 14th century).
The weapon best known to Englishmen is the bill, which was
originally a sort of scythe-blade, sharp on the concave side
(whereas the glaive has
the cutting edge on the
convex side), but in its
best-known form it should
be called a bill-gisarme
(fig. 6). The partizans, ranseurs
and halberts proper
developed naturally from
the earlier types. The
feature common to all,
as has been said, is the
combination of spear and axe. In the halberts the axe
predominates, as the examples (fig. 10, Swiss, early 15th
century; fig. 11, Swiss, middle 16th century; and fig. 12, German
court halbert of the same period as fig. 11) show. In the
partizan the pike is the more important, the axe-heads being
reduced to little more than an ornamental feature. A south
German specimen (fig. 9, 1615) shows how this was compensated
by the broadening of the spear-head, the edges of which in such
weapons were sharpened. Fig. 8, a service weapon of simple
form, merely has projections on either side, and from this
developed the ranseur (fig. 7), a partizan with a very long and
narrow point, like the blade of a rapier, and with fork-like projections
intended to act as “sword-breakers,” instead of the
atrophied axe-heads of the partizan proper.
The halbert played almost as conspicuous a part in the military
history of Middle Europe during the 15th and early 16th centuries
as the pike. But,
even in a form
distinguishable
from the voulge
and the glaive, it
dates from the
early part of the
13th century, and
for many generations
thereafter it
was the special
weapon of the
Swiss. Fauchet, in his Origines des dignitez, printed in 1600, states that Louis XI. of France ordered certain new weapons of war called hallebardes to be made at Angers and other places in 1475. The Swiss had a mixed armament of pikes and halberts at the battle of Morat in 1476. In the 15th and 16th centuries the halberts became larger, and the blades were formed in many varieties of shape, often engraved, inlaid, or pierced in open work, and exquisitely finished as works of art. This weapon was in use in England from the reign of Henry VII. to the reign of George III., when it was still carried (though in shape it had certainly lost its original characteristics, and had become half partizan and half pike) by sergeants in the guards and other infantry regiments. It is still retained as the symbol of authority borne before the magistrates on public occasions in some of the burghs of Scotland. The Lochaber axe may be called a species of halbert furnished with a hook on the end of the staff at the back of the blade. The godendag (Fr. godendart) is the Flemish name of the halbert in its original form.
The derivation of the word is as follows. The O. Fr. hallebarde, of which the English “halberd,” “halbert,” is an adaptation, was itself adapted from the M.H.G. helmbarde, mod. Hellebarde; the second part is the O.H.G. barta or parta, broad-axe, probably the same word as Bart, beard, and so called from its shape; the first part is either helm, handle, cf. “helm,” tiller of a ship, the word meaning “hafted axe,” or else helm, helmet, an axe for smiting the helmet. A common derivation was to take the word as representing a Ger. halb-barde, half-axe; the early German form shows this to be an erroneous guess.
