other peaceful national demonstrations, being the founder of the political society Slovanska Lipa. He was elected to the imperial diet at Vienna, but declined to take his seat. In the winter of 1848 he became lecturer and in 1849 professor of Slavonic languages in the university of Prague, where he died on the 12th of January 1861.
His chief works and editions are the following: Hankowy Pjsne (Prague, 1815), a volume of poems; Starobyla Skladani (1817–1826), in 5 vols.—a collection of old Bohemian poems, chiefly from unpublished manuscripts; A Short History of the Slavonic Peoples (1818); A Bohemian Grammar (1822) and A Polish Grammar (1839)—these grammars were composed on a plan suggested by Dobrowsky; Igor (1821), an ancient Russian epic, with a translation into Bohemian; a part of the Gospels from the Reims manuscript in the Glagolitic character (1846); the old Bohemian Chronicles of Dalimil (1848) and the History of Charles IV., by Procop Lupáč (1848); Evangelium Ostromis (1853).
HANKOW (“Mouth of the Han”), the great commercial centre of the middle portion of the Chinese empire, and since 1858 one of the principal places opened to foreign trade. It is situated on the northern side of the Yangtsze-kiang at its junction with the Han river, about 600 m. W. of Shanghai in 30° 32′ 51″ N., 114° 19′ 55″ E., at a height of 150 ft. By the Chinese it is not considered a separate city, but as a suburb of the now decadent city of Hanyang; and it may almost be said to stand in a similar relation to Wu-chang the capital of the province of Hupeh, which lies immediately opposite on the southern bank of the Yangtsze-kiang. Hankow extends for about a mile along the main river and about two and a half along the Han. It is protected by a wall 18 ft. high, which was erected in 1863 and has a circuit of about 4 m. Within recent years the port has made rapid advance in wealth and importance. The opening up of the upper waters of the Yangtsze to steam navigation has made it a commercial entrepôt second only to Shanghai. It is the terminus of a railway between Peking and the Yangtsze, the northern half of the trunk line from Peking to Canton. There is daily communication by regular lines of steamers with Shanghai, and smaller steamers ply on the upper section of the river between Hankow and Ichʽang. The principal article of export continues to be black tea, of which staple Hankow has always been the central market. The bulk of the leaf tea, however, now goes to Russia by direct steamers to Odessa instead of to London as formerly, and a large quantity goes overland via Tientsin and Siberia in the form of brick tea. The quantity of brick tea thus exported in 1904 was upwards of 10 million ℔. The exports which come next in value are opium, wood-oil, hides, beans, cotton yarn and raw silk. The population of Hankow, together with the city of Wuchang on the opposite bank, is estimated at 800,000, and the number of foreign residents is about 500. Large iron-works have been erected by the Chinese authorities at Hanyang, a couple of miles higher up the river, and at Wuchang there are two official cotton mills. The British concession, on which the business part of the foreign settlement is built, was obtained in 1861 by a lease in perpetuity from the Chinese authorities in favour of the crown. By 1863 a great embankment and a roadway were completed along the river, which may rise as much as 50 ft. or more above its ordinary levels, and not infrequently, as in 1849 and 1866, lays a large part of the town under water. On the former occasion little was left uncovered but the roofs of the houses. In 1864 a public assay office was established. Sub-leases for a term of years are granted by the crown to private individuals; local control, including the policing of the settlement, is managed by a municipal council elected under regulations promulgated by the British minister in China, acting by authority of the sovereign’s orders in council. Foreigners, i.e. non-British, are admitted to become lease-holders on their submitting to be bound by the municipal regulations. The concession, however, gives no territorial jurisdiction. All foreigners, of whatever nationality, are justiciable only before their own consular authorities by virtue of the extra-territorial clauses of their treaties with China. In 1895 a concession, on similar terms to that under which the British is held, was obtained by Germany, and this was followed by concessions to France and Russia. These three concessions all lie on the north bank of the river and immediately below the British. An extension of the British concession backwards was granted in 1898. The Roman Catholics, the London Missionary Society and the Wesleyans have all missions in the town; and there are two missionary hospitals. The total trade in 1904 was valued at £15,401,076 (£9,042,190 being exports and £6,358,886 imports) as compared with a total of £17,183,400 in 1891 and £11,628,000 in 1880.
HANLEY, a market town and parliamentary borough of
Staffordshire, England, in the Potteries district, 148 m. N.W.
from London, on the North Staffordshire railway. Pop. (1891)
54,946; (1901) 61,599. The parliamentary borough includes
the adjoining town of Burslem. The town, which lies on high
ground, has handsome municipal buildings, free library, technical
and art museum, elementary, science and art schools, and a
large park. Its manufactures include porcelain, encaustic tiles,
and earthenware, and give employment to the greater part of
the population, women and children being employed almost as
largely as men. In the neighbourhood coal and iron are obtained.
Hanley is of modern development. Its municipal constitution
dates from 1857, the parliamentary borough from 1885, and
the county borough from 1888. Shelton, Hope, Northwood and
Wellington are populous ecclesiastical parishes included within
its boundaries. That of Etruria, adjoining on the west, originated
in the Ridge House pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and
Thomas Bentley, who founded them in 1769, naming them after
the country of the Etruscans in Italy. Etruria Hall was the
scene of Wedgwood’s experiments. The parliamentary borough
of Hanley returns one member. The town was governed by a
mayor, 6 aldermen, and 18 councillors until under the “Potteries
federation” scheme (1908) it became part of the borough of
Stoke-on-Trent (q.v.) in 1910.
HANNA, MARCUS ALONZO (1837–1904), American politician,
was born at New Lisbon (now Lisbon) Columbiana county,
Ohio, on the 24th of September 1837. In 1852 he removed
with his father to Cleveland, where the latter established himself
in the wholesale grocery business, and the son received his
education in the public schools of that city, and at the Western
Reserve University. Leaving college before the completion of
his course, he became associated with his father in business,
and on his father’s death (1862) became a member of the firm.
In 1867 he entered into partnership with his father-in-law,
Daniel P. Rhodes, in the coal and iron business. It was largely
due to Hanna’s progressive methods that the business of the
firm, which became M. A. Hanna & Company in 1877, was
extended to include the ownership of a fleet of lake steamships
constructed in their own shipyards, and the control and operation
of valuable coal and iron mines. Subsequently he became
largely interested in street railway properties in Cleveland and
elsewhere, and in various banking institutions. In early life he
had little time for politics, but after 1880 he became prominent
in the affairs of the Republican party in Cleveland, and in 1884
and 1888 was a delegate to the Republican National Convention,
in the latter year being associated with William McKinley in
the management of the John Sherman canvass. It was not,
however, until 1896, when he personally managed the canvass
that resulted in securing the Republican presidential nomination
for William McKinley at the St Louis Convention (at which he
was a delegate), that he became known throughout the United
States as a political manager of great adroitness, tact and
resourcefulness. Subsequently he became chairman of the
Republican National Committee, and managed with consummate
skill the campaign of 1896 against William Jennings Bryan and
“free-silver.” In March 1897 he was appointed, by Governor
Asa S. Bushnell (1834–1904) United States senator from Ohio,
to succeed John Sherman. In the senate, to which in January
1898 he was elected for the short term ending on the 3rd of
March 1899 and for the succeeding full term, he took little part
in the debates, but was recognized as one of the principal advisers
of the McKinley administration, and his influence was large
in consequence. Apart from politics he took a deep and active
interest in the problems of capital and labour, was one of the
