growth of its prosperity has been very remarkable. Its population, including that of Kobe, was 135,639 in 1891, and 285,002 in 1903. From 1884 to the close of the century its trade increased nearly eightfold, and the increase was not confined to a few staples of commerce, but was spread over almost the whole trade, in which silk and cotton fabrics, floor-mats, straw-plaits, matches, and cotton yarns are specially important. Kobe owes much of its prosperity to the fact of serving largely as the shipping port of Osaka, the chief manufacturing town in Japan. The foreign community, exclusive of Chinese, exceeds 1000 persons. Kobe is considered the brightest and healthiest of all the places assigned as foreign settlements in Japan, its pure, dry air and granite subsoil constituting special advantages. It is in railway communication with all parts of the country, and wharves admit of steamers of large size loading and discharging cargo without the aid of lighters. The area originally appropriated for a foreign settlement soon proved too restricted, and foreigners received permission to lease lands and houses direct from Japanese owners beyond the treaty limits, a privilege which, together with that of building villas on the hills behind the town, ultimately involved some diplomatic complications. Kobe has a shipbuilding yard, and docks in its immediate neighbourhood.
Hiogo has several temples of interest, one of which has near it a huge bronze statue of Buddha, while by the Minatogawa, which flows into the sea between Hiogo and Kobe, a temple commemorates the spot where Kusunoki Masashige, the mirror of Japanese loyalty, met his death in battle in 1336. The temple of Ikuta was erected on the site of the ancient fane built by Jingo on her return from Korea in the 3rd century.
Hiogo’s original name was Bako. Its position near the entrance of the Inland Sea gave it some maritime importance from a very early period, but it did not become really prominent until the 12th century, when Kiyomori, chief of the Taira clan, transferred the capital from Kioto to Fukuhara, in Hiogo’s immediate neighbourhood, and undertook various public works for improving the place. The change of capital was very brief, but Hiogo benefited permanently from the distinction.
HIP. (1)(From O. Eng. hype, a word common in various forms
to many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch heup, and Ger. Hüfte),
the projecting part of the body formed by the top of the thigh-bone
and the side of the pelvis, in quadrupeds generally known
as the haunch (see Joints). (2)(O. Eng. héope, from same root
as M. H. Ger. hiefe, a thorn-bush), the fruit of the dog-rose
(Rosa canina); “hips” are usually joined with “haws,” the
fruit of the hawthorn.
HIP-KNOB, in architecture, the finial on the hip of a roof,
between the barge-boards of a gable.
HIPPARCHUS (fl. 146–126 B.C.), Greek astronomer, was born
at Nicaea in Bithynia early in the 2nd century B.C. He observed
in the island of Rhodes probably from 161, certainly from 146
until about 126 B.C., and made the capital discovery of the
precession of the equinoxes in 130 (see Astronomy: History).
The outburst of a new star in 134 B.C. is stated by Pliny (Hist.
nat. ii. 26) to have prompted the preparation of his catalogue
of 1080 stars, substantially embodied in Ptolemy’s Almagest.
Hipparchus founded trigonometry, and compiled the first table
of chords. Scientific geography originated with his invention
of the method of fixing terrestrial positions by circles of latitude
and longitude. There can be little doubt that the fundamental
part of his astronomical knowledge was derived from Chaldaea.
None of his many works has survived except a Commentary
on the Phaenomena of Aratus and Eudoxus, published by P.
Victorius at Florence in 1567, and included by D. Petavius
in his Uranologium (Paris, 1630). A new edition was published
by Carolus Manitius (Leipzig, 1894).
See J. B. J. Delambre, Histoire de l’astronomie ancienne, i. 173; P. Tannery, Recherches sur l’histoire de l’astr. ancienne, p. 130; A. Berry, Hist. of Astronomy, pp. 40-61; M. Marie, Hist. des sciences, i. 207; G. Cornewall Lewis, Astronomy of the Ancients, p. 207; R. Grant, Hist. of Phys. Astronomy, pp. 318, 437; F. Boll, Sphaera, p. 61 (Leipzig, 1903); R. Wolf, Geschichte der Astronomie, p. 45; J. F. Montucla, Hist. des mathématiques, t. i. p. 257; J. A. Schmidt, Variorum philosophicorum decas, cap. i. (Jenae, 1691). (A. M. C.)
HIPPASUS OF METAPONTUM, Pythagorean philosopher,
was one of the earliest of the disciples of Pythagoras. He is
mentioned both by Diogenes Laërtius and by Iamblichus, but
nothing is known of his life. Diogenes says that he left no
writings, but other authorities make him the author of a μυστικὸς λόγος
directed against the Pythagoreans. According to Aristotle
(Metaphysica, i. 3), he was an adherent of the Heraclitean fire-doctrine,
whereas the Pythagoreans maintained the theory
that number is the principle of everything. He seems to have
regarded the soul as composed of igneous matter, and so approximates
the orthodox Pythagorean doctrine of the central fire,
or Hestia, to the more detailed theories of Heraclitus. In spite
of this divergence, Hippasus is always regarded as a Pythagorean.
See Diogenes viii. 84; Brandis, History of Greek and Roman Philosophy; also Pythagoras.
HIPPEASTRUM, in botany, a genus of the natural order
Amaryllidaceae, containing about 50 species of bulbous plants,
natives of tropical and sub-tropical South America. In cultivation
they are generally known as Amaryllis. The handsome
funnel-shaped flowers are borne in a cluster of two to many, at
the end of a short hollow scape. The species and the numerous
hybrids which have been obtained artificially, show a great
variety in size and colour of the flower, including the richest
deep crimson and blood-red, white, or with striped, mottled or
blended colours. They are of easy culture, and free-blooming
habit. Like other bulbs they are increased by offsets, which
should be carefully removed when the plants are at rest, and
should be allowed to attain a fair size before removal. These
young bulbs should be potted singly in February or March, in
mellow loamy soil with a moderate quantity of sand, about
two-thirds of the bulb being kept above the level of the soil,
which should be made quite solid. They should be removed to
a temperature of 60° by night and 70° by day, very carefully
watered until the roots have begun to grow freely, after which
the soil should be kept moderately moist. As they advance
the temperature should be raised to 70° at night, and to 80° or
higher with sun heat by day. They do not need shading, but
should have plenty of air, and be syringed daily in the afternoon.
When growing they require a good supply of water. After the
decay of the flowers they should be returned to a brisk moist
temperature of from 70° to 80° by day during summer to perfect
their leaves, and then be ripened off in autumn. Through the
winter they should have less water, but must not be kept entirely
dry. The minimum temperature should now be about 55°, to
be increased 10° or 15° in spring. As the bulbs get large they
will occasionally need shifting into larger pots. Propagation
is also readily effected by seeds for raising new varieties. Seeds
are sown when ripe in well drained pans of sandy loam at a
temperature of about 65°. The seedlings when large enough
to handle are placed either singly in very small pots or several
in a pot or shallow pan, and put in a bottom heat, in a moist
atmosphere with a temperature from 60° to 70°. H. Ackermanni,
with large, handsome, crimson flowers—itself a hybrid—is the
parent of many of the large-flowered forms; H. equestre (Barbados
lily), with yellowish-green flowers tipped with scarlet, has also
given rise to several handsome forms; H. aulicum (flowers
crimson and green), H. pardinum (flowers creamy-white spotted
with crimson), and H. vittatum (flowers white with red stripes,
a beautiful species and the parent of many varieties), are stove
or warm greenhouse plants. These kinds, however, are now
only regarded as botanical curiosities, and are rarely grown in
private or commercial establishments. They have been ousted
by the more gorgeous looking hybrids, which have been evolved
during the past 100 years. H. Johnsoni is named after a
Lancashire watchmaker who raised it in 1799 by crossing H.
Reginae with H. vittatum. Since that time other species have
been used for hybridizing, notably H. reticulatum, H. aulicum,
H. solandriflorum, and sometimes H. equestre and H. psittacinum.
The finest forms since 1880 have been evolved from H. Leopoldi
and H. pardinum. (J. Ws.)
HIPPED ROOF, the name given in architecture to a roof
which slopes down on all four sides instead of terminating on
