carried by assault the famous lines of Weissenburg, and Hoche pursued his success, sweeping the enemy before him to the middle Rhine in four days. He then put his troops into winter quarters. Before the following campaign opened, he married Anne Adelaïde Dechaux at Thionville (March 11th, 1794). But ten days later he was suddenly arrested, charges of treason having been preferred by Pichegru, the displaced commander of the Army of the Rhine, and by his friends. Hoche escaped execution, however, though imprisoned in Paris until the fall of Robespierre. Shortly after his release he was appointed to command against the Vendéans (21st of August 1794). He completed the work of his predecessors in a few months by the peace of Jaunaye (15th of February 1795), but soon afterwards the war was renewed by the Royalists. Hoche showed himself equal to the crisis and inflicted a crushing blow on the Royalist cause by defeating and capturing de Sombreuil’s expedition at Quiberon and Penthièvre (16th-21st of July 1795). Thereafter, by means of mobile columns (which he kept under good discipline) he succeeded before the summer of 1796 in pacifying the whole of the west, which had for more than three years been the scene of a pitiless civil war. After this he was appointed to organize and command the troops destined for the invasion of Ireland, and he started on this enterprise in December 1796. A tempest, however, separated Hoche from the expedition, and after various adventures the whole fleet returned to Brest without having effected its purpose. Hoche was at once transferred to the Rhine frontier, where he defeated the Austrians at Neuwied (April), though operations were soon afterwards brought to an end by the Preliminaries of Leoben. Later in 1797 he was minister of war for a short period, but in this position he was surrounded by obscure political intrigues, and, finding himself the dupe of Barras and technically guilty of violating the constitution, he quickly laid down his office, returning to his command on the Rhine frontier. But his health grew rapidly worse, and he died at Wetzlar on the 19th of September 1797 of consumption. The belief was widely spread that he had been poisoned, but the suspicion seems to have been without foundation. He was buried by the side of his friend Marceau in a fort on the Rhine, amidst the mourning not only of his army but of all France.
See Privat, Notions historiques sur la vie morale, politique et militaire du général Hoche (Strassburg, 1798); Daunou, Éloge du général Hoche (1798), delivered on behalf of the Institut at Hoche’s funeral; Rousselin, Vie de Lazare Hoche, général des armées de la république française (Paris, 1798; this work was printed at the public expense and distributed to the schools); Dubroca, Éloge funèbre du général Hoche (Paris, 1800); Vie et pensées du général Hoche (Bern); Champrobert, Notice historique sur Lazare Hoche, le pacificateur de la Vendée (Paris, 1840); Dourille, Histoire de Lazare Hoche (Paris, 1844); Desprez, Lazare Hoche d’après sa correspondance (Paris, 1858; new ed., 1880); Bergounioux, Essai sur la vie de Lazare Hoche (1852); É. de Bonnechose, Lazare Hoche (1867); H. Martin, Hoche et Bonaparte (1875); Dutemple, Vie politique et militaire du général Hoche (1879); Escaude, Hoche en Irlande (1888); Cunéo d’Ornano, Hoche (1892); A. Chuquet, Hoche et la lutte pour l’Alsace (a volume of this author’s series on the campaigns of the Revolution, 1893); E. Charavaray, Le Général Hoche (1893); A. Duruy, Hoche et Marceau (1885).
HOCHHEIM, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province
of Hesse-Nassau, situated on an elevation not far from the
right bank of the Main, 3 m. above its influx into the Rhine and
3 m. E. of Mainz by the railway from Cassel to Frankfort-on-Main.
Pop. (1905) 3779. It has an Evangelical and a Roman
Catholic church, and carries on an extensive trade in wine, the
English word “Hock,” the generic term for Rhine wine, being
derived from its name. Hochheim is mentioned in the chronicles
as early as the 7th century. It is also memorable as the scene
of a victory gained here, on the 7th of November 1813 by the
Austrians over the French.
See Schüler, Geschichte der Stadt Hochheim am Main (Hochheim, 1888).
HÖCHST, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of
Hesse-Nassau on the Main, 6 m. by rail W. of Frankfort-on-Main.
Pop. (1905) 14,121. It is a busy industrial town with large
dye-works and manufactures of machinery, snuff, tobacco,
waxcloth, gelatine, furniture and biscuits. Brewing is carried
on and there is a considerable river trade. The Roman Catholic
church of St Justinus is a fine basilica originally built in the
9th century; it has been restored several times, and a Gothic
choir was added in the 15th century. The town has also an
Evangelical church and a synagogue, and a statue of Bismarck
by Alois Mayer. Höchst belonged formerly to the electors of
Mainz who had a palace here; this was destroyed in 1634 with
the exception of one fine tower which still remains. In 1622
Christian, duke of Brunswick, was defeated here by Count
Tilly, and in 1795 the Austrians gained a victory here over
the French.
Höchst is also the name of a small town in Hesse. This has some manufactures, and was formerly the seat of a Benedictine monastery.
HÖCHSTÄDT, a town of Bavaria, Germany, in the district of
Swabia, on the left bank of the Danube, 34 m. N.E. of Ulm by
rail. Pop. (1905) 2305. It has three Roman Catholic churches,
a castle flanked by walls and towers and some small industries,
including malting and brewing. Höchstädt, which came into
the possession of Bavaria in 1266, has been a place of battles.
Here Frederick of Hohenstaufen, vicegerent of the Empire for
Henry IV., was defeated by Henry’s rival, Hermann of Luxemburg,
in 1081; in 1703 the Imperialists were routed here by
Marshal Villars in command of the French; in August 1704
Marlborough and Prince Eugene defeated the French and
Bavarians commanded by Max Emanuel, the elector of Bavaria
and Marshal Tallard, this battle being usually known as that of
Blenheim; and in June 1800 an engagement took place here
between the Austrians and the French.
There is another small town in Bavaria named Höchstadt. Pop. 2000. This is on the river Aisch, not far from Bamberg, to which bishopric it belonged from 1157 to 1802, when it was ceded to Bavaria.
HOCHSTETTER, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN VON, Baron (1829–1884), Austrian geologist, was born at Esslingen, Würtemberg, on the 30th of April 1829. He was the son of Christian Ferdinand Hochstetter (1787–1860), a clergyman and professor at Brünn, who was also a botanist and mineralogist. Having received his early education at the evangelical seminary at Maulbronn, he proceeded to the university of Tübingen; there under F. A. Quenstedt the interest he already felt in geology became permanently fixed, and there he obtained his doctor’s
degree and a travelling scholarship. In 1852 he joined the staff
of the Imperial Geological Survey of Austria and was engaged
until 1856 in parts of Bohemia, especially in the Böhmerwald, and
in the Fichtel and Karlsbad mountains. His excellent reports
established his reputation. Thus he came to be chosen as geologist
to the Novara expedition (1857–1859), and made numerous
valuable observations in the voyage round the world. In 1859
he was engaged by the government of New Zealand to make a
rapid geological survey of the islands. On his return he was
appointed in 1860 professor of mineralogy and geology at the
Imperial Polytechnic Institute in Vienna, and in 1876 he was
made superintendent of the Imperial Natural History Museum.
In these later years he explored portions of Turkey and eastern
Russia, and he published papers on a variety of geological,
palaeontological and mineralogical subjects. He died at Vienna
on the 18th of July 1884.
Publications.—Karlsbad, seine geognostischen Verhältnisse und seine Quellen (1858); Neu-Seeland (1863); Geological and Topographical Atlas of New Zealand (1864); Leitfaden der Mineralogie und Geologie (with A. Bisching) (1876, ed. 8, 1890).
HOCKEY (possibly derived from the “hooked” stick with which it is played; cf. O. Fr. hoquet, shepherd’s crook), a game played with a ball or some similar object by two opposing sides, using hooked or bent sticks, with which each side attempts to drive it into the other’s goal. In one or more of its variations Hockey was known to most northern peoples in both Europe and Asia, and the Romans possessed a game of similar nature. It was played indiscriminately on the frozen ground or the ice in winter. In Scotland it was called “shinty,” and in Ireland “hurley,” and was usually played on the hard, sandy sea-shore
