urged on by the hotter heads among the peasant leaders and deceived by false reports of Austrian victories, Hofer again issued a proclamation calling the mountaineers to arms. The summons met with little response; the enemy advanced in irresistible force, and Hofer, a price once more set on his head, had to take refuge in the mountains. His hiding-place was betrayed by one of his neighbours, named Josef Raffl, and on the 27th of January 1810 he was captured by Italian troops and sent in chains to Mantua. There he was tried by court-martial, and on the 20th of February was shot, twenty-four hours after his condemnation. This crime, which was believed to be due to Napoleon’s direct orders, caused an immense sensation throughout Germany and did much to inflame popular sentiment against the French. At the court of Austria, too, which was accused of having cynically sacrificed the hero, it produced a painful impression, and Metternich, when he visited Paris on the occasion of the marriage of the archduchess Marie Louise to Napoleon, was charged to remonstrate with the emperor. Napoleon expressed his regret, stating that the execution had been carried out against his wishes, having been hurried on by the zeal of his generals. In 1823 Hofer’s remains were removed from Mantua to Innsbruck, where they were interred in the Franciscan church, and in 1834 a marble statue was erected over his tomb. In 1893 a bronze statue of him was also set up on the Iselberg. At Meran his patriotic deeds of heroism are the subject of a festival play celebrated annually in the open air. In 1818 the patent of nobility bestowed upon him by the Austrian emperor in 1809 was conferred upon his family.
See Leben und Thaten des ehemaligen Tyroler Insurgenten-Chefs Andr. Hofer (Berlin, 1810); Andr. Hofer und die Tyroler Insurrection im Jahre 1809 (Munich, 1811); Hormayr, Geschichte Andr. Hofer’s Sandwirths auf Passeyr (Leipzig, 1845); B. Weber, Das Thal Passeyr und seine Bewohner mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Andreas Hofer und das Jahr 1809 (Innsbruck, 1851); Rapp, Tirol im Jahr 1809 (Innsbruck, 1852); Weidinger, Andreas Hofer und seine Kampfgenossen (3rd ed., Leipzig, 1861); Heigel, Andreas Hofer (Munich, 1874); Stampfer, Sandwirt Andreas Hofer (Freiburg, 1874); Schmölze, Andreas Hofer und seine Kampfgenossen (Innsbruck, 1900). His history has supplied the materials for tragedies to B. Auerbach and Immermann, and for numerous ballads, of which some remain very popular in Germany (see Franke, Andreas Hofer im Liede, Innsbruck, 1884).
HÖFFDING, HARALD (1843– ), Danish philosopher,
was born and educated in Copenhagen. He became a schoolmaster,
and ultimately in 1883 professor in the university of
Copenhagen. He was much influenced by Sören Kierkegaard
in the early development of his thought, but later became a
positivist, retaining, however, and combining with it the spirit
and method of practical psychology and the critical school.
His best-known work is perhaps his Den nyere Filosofis Historie
(1894), translated into English from the German edition (1895)
by B. E. Meyer as History of Modern Philosophy (2 vols., 1900),
a work intended by him to supplement and correct that of
Hans Bröchner, to whom it is dedicated. His Psychology, the
Problems of Philosophy (1905) and Philosophy of Religion (1906)
also have appeared in English.
Among Höffding’s other writings, practically all of which have been translated into German, are: Den engelske Filosofi i vor Tid (1874); Etik (1876; ed. 1879); Psychologi i Omrids paa Grundlag of Erfaring (ed. 1892); Psykologiske Undersogelser (1889); Charles Darwin (1889); Kontinuiteten i Kants filosofiske Udviklingsgang (1893); Det psykologiske Grundlag for logiske Domme (1899); Rousseau und seine Philosophie (1901); Mindre Arbejder (1899).
HOFFMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1798–1874), known as
Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German poet, philologist and
historian of literature, was born at Fallersleben in the duchy
of Lüneburg, Hanover, on the 2nd of April 1798, the son of the
mayor of the town. He was educated at the classical schools
of Helmstedt and Brunswick, and afterwards at the universities
of Göttingen and Bonn. His original intention was to study
theology, but he soon devoted himself entirely to literature.
In 1823 he was appointed custodian of the university library
at Breslau, a post which he held till 1838. He was also made
extraordinary professor of the German language and literature
at that university in 1830, and ordinary professor in 1835;
but he was deprived of his chair in 1842 in consequence of his
Unpolitische Lieder (1840–1841), which gave much offence to
the authorities in Prussia. He then travelled in Germany,
Switzerland and Italy, and lived for two or three years in
Mecklenburg, of which he became a naturalized citizen. After
the revolution of 1848 he was enabled to return to Prussia, where
he was restored to his rights, and received the Wartegeld—the
salary attached to a promised office not yet vacant. He married
in 1849, and during the next ten years lived first in Bingerbrück,
afterwards in Neuwied, and then in Weimar, where together
with Oskar Schade (1826–1906) he edited the Weimarische
Jahrbuch (1854–1857). In 1860 he was appointed librarian to
the Duke of Ratibor at the monasterial castle of Corvey near
Höxter on the Weser, where he died on the 19th of January
1874. Fallersleben was one of the best popular poets of modern
Germany. In politics he ardently sympathized with the progressive
tendencies of his time, and he was among the earliest
and most effective of the political poets who prepared the way
for the outbreak of 1848. As a poet, however, he acquired
distinction chiefly by the ease, simplicity and grace with which
he gave expression to the passions and aspirations of daily life.
Although he had not been scientifically trained in music, he
composed melodies for many of his songs, and a considerable
number of them are sung by all classes in every part of Germany.
Among the best known is the patriotic Deutschland, Deutschland
über Alles, composed in 1841 on the island of Heligoland, where
a monument was erected in 1891 to his memory (subsequently
destroyed).
The best of his poetical writings is his Gedichte (1827; 9th ed., Berlin, 1887); but there is great merit also in his Alemannische Lieder (1826; 5th ed., 1843), Soldatenlieder (1851), Soldatenleben (1852), Rheinleben (1865), and in his Fünfzig Kinderlieder, Fünfzig neue Kinderlieder, and Alte und neue Kinderlieder. His Unpolitische Lieder, Deutsche Lieder aus der Schweiz and Streiflichter are not without poetical value, but they are mainly interesting in relation to the movements of the age in which they were written. As a student of ancient Teutonic literature Hoffmann von Fallersleben ranks among the most persevering and cultivated of German scholars, some of the chief results of his labours being embodied in his Horae Belgicae, Fundgruben für Geschichte deutscher Sprache und Literatur, Altdeutsche Blätter, Spenden zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte and Findlinge. Among his editions of particular works may be named Reineke Vos, Monumenta Elnonensia and Theophilus. Die deutsche Philologie im Grundriss (1836) was at the time of its publication a valuable contribution to philological research, and historians of German literature still attach importance to his Geschichte des deutschen Kirchenliedes bis auf Luther (1832; 3rd ed., 1861), Unsere volkstümlichen Lieder (3rd ed., 1869) and Die deutschen Gesellschaftslieder des 16. und 17. Jahrh. (2nd ed., 1860). In 1868–1870 Hoffmann published in 6 vols. an autobiography, Mein Leben: Aufzeichnungen und Erinnerungen (an abbreviated ed. in 2 vols., 1894). His Gesammelte Werke were edited by H. Gerstenberg in 8 vols. (1891–1894); his Ausgewählte Werke by H. Benzmann (1905, 4 vols.). See also Briefe von Hoffmann von Fallersleben und Moritz Haupt an Ferdinand Wolf (1874); J. M. Wagner, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, 1818–1868 (1869–1870), and R. von Gottschall, Porträts und Studien (vol. v., 1876).
HOFFMANN, ERNST THEODOR WILHELM (1776–1822),
German romance-writer, was born at Königsberg on the 24th
of January 1776. For the name Wilhelm he himself substituted
Amadeus in homage to Mozart. His parents lived unhappily
together, and when the child was only three they separated.
His bringing up was left to an uncle who had neither understanding
nor sympathy for his dreamy and wayward temperament.
Hoffmann showed more talent for music and drawing than for
books. In 1792, when little over sixteen years old, he entered
the university of Königsberg, with a view to preparing himself
for a legal career. The chief features of interest in his student
years were an intimate friendship for Theodor Gottlieb von
Hippel (1775–1843), a nephew of the novelist Hippel, and an
unhappy passion for a lady to whom he gave music lessons;
the latter found its outlet, not merely in music, but also in two
novels, neither of which he was able to have published. In the
summer of 1795 he began his practical career as a jurist in
Königsberg, but his mother’s death and the complications in
which his love-affair threatened to involve him made him decide
to leave his native town and continue his legal apprenticeship
