The horn (a post-horn) did not appear in the arms of the family in question until 1699, when the first peer Casimir Johann Friedrich was created hereditary Post-Master. The influence of such erroneous statements in the work of noted writers is far-reaching. Inquiries at the department of National Archives in Paris concerning Raoux, the founder of the afterwards famous firm of horn-makers whose model with pistons is used in the British military bands and at Kneller Hall, proved fruitless. Fétis states that he worked during the second half of the 18th century. Albert Chouquet[1] states that he has seen a trumpet by Raoux, “seul ordinaire du Roy, Place du Louvre” dated 1695. The inscriptions on the horns in question are: For No. 105, a silver horn of the simplest form of construction in D, “Fait à Paris par Raoux”; for No. 106, a brass horn engraved with a crown on an ermine mantle with the initials C. A. (Carl Albert), “Fait à Paris par Raoux, seul ordinaire du Roy, Place du Louvre.” Both horns measure across the coils 56 cm. and across the bell 2712. They are practically the same as the cors de chasse now in use in French and Belgian military bands, the large diameter of the coil enabling the performer to carry it over his shoulder. The orchestral horn was given a narrower diameter in order to facilitate its being held in front of the performer in a convenient position for stopping the bell with the right hand. No. 107 in the same collection, a horn of German construction, bears the inscription “Macht Jacob Schmid in Nürnberg” and the trademark “J. S.” with a bird. A horn in E♭ of French make, having fleur-de-lys stamped on the rim of the bell, and measuring only 15 in. across the coils to the exterior edge of the bell—therefore a very small horn—is preserved in the Grand Ducal Museum at Darmstadt.[2] A horn in F♯ (probably F in modern high pitch), having the rim ornamented as above and the inscription “Fait à Paris, Carlin, ordinaire du Roy,” readily gives the harmonics from the 3rd to the 12th.[3] The extreme width is 20 in.[4] Carlin, who lived at rue Croix des Petits Champs, died about 1780. The earliest dated horn extant is believed to be the one preserved in the Hohenzollern Museum in Sigmaringen, “Machts Wilhelm Haas, Nürnberg, 1688.”[5] Another early German horn engraved “Machts Heinr. Rich. Pfeiffer in Leipzig, 1697,”[6] formerly in Paul de Wit’s museum in Leipzig and now transferred with the rest of the collection to Cologne, is of similar construction.
 |
From a Photo by K. Teufel. |
| Fig. 7.—Early Raoux Horn (Munich). |
The horn must have been well known at this time in England, for there are 17th-century horns of English manufacture still extant, one, for instance, in the collection of the Rev. F. W. Galpin by William Bull, dated 1699.[7] In 1701 Clagget[8] invented a contrivance by means of which two horns in different keys could be coupled and played by means of one mouthpiece, a valve or key opening the passage into the airways of one or the other of these horns at the will of the performer. Another horn of English manufacture about 1700 was exhibited at the South Kensington Museum in 1872, bearing No. 337 in the catalogue, in which unfortunately no details are given. Enough examples have been quoted to show that, judging from the specimens extant, Germany was not behind France, if not actually ahead, in the manufacture of early natural horns. Data are wanting concerning the instruments of Italy; they would probably prove to be the earliest of all, and as brass wind instruments are perishable are perhaps for that very reason unrepresented at the present day.
The horn at the present stage in its evolution was also well represented among the illustrations of the musical literature in Germany[9] during the first half of the 18th century, and references to it are frequent.
The earliest orchestral music for the horn occurs in the operas
of Cavalli and Cesti, leaders of the Venetian Opera in the 17th
century. Already in 1639 Cavalli in his opera Le Nozze
de Tito e Pelei (act i. sc. 1) introduced a short scena,
“Chiamata alia Caccia”[10] in C major for four horns on a basso
Music.
continuo. An examination of the scoring in C clefs on the first,
second, third and fourth lines shows, by the use of the note
= 
in the bass part and in the second tenor of
the 5th harmonic of the series, that the fundamental
could have been no other than the 16-ft. C; the highest
note in the treble part is 
, the 12th harmonic of the 8-ft.
alto horn in C, now obsolete. It is clear therefore that horns with
tubing respectively 8 ft. and 16 ft. long, which must have been
disposed in coils as in the present day, were in use in Italy before
the middle of the 17th century, fifty years before the date of their
reputed invention in Paris.
In the same opera, act i. sc. 4, “Coro di Cavalieri” is a stirring call to arms of elemental grandeur, in which occur the words: “all' armi, ò la guerrieri corni e tamburi e trombe, ogni campo ogni canto, armi rimbombe.” There are above the voice parts four staves with treble and C clef signatures above the bass, and, although no instruments are indicated, the music written thereon, which alternates with the voices but does not accompany them, can have been intended for no instruments but trumpets and horns, thus carrying out the indications in the text. The horn is here once again put to the same use as the Roman cornu, and associated in like manner with the descendant of the buccina in a call to arms. It may be purely a coincidence that the early illustration of a horn with the tubing wound in coils round the body in the Strassburg Virgil mentioned above was put to the same use and associated with the same instrument.
Cesti’s operas likewise contain many passages evidently intended
for the horn, although the instruments are not specified in the
score, which was nothing unusual at the time. Lulli composed the
incidental music for a ballet, La Princesse d’Elide, which formed
part of Molière’s divertissement, “Les plaisirs de l’île enchantée,”
written for a great festival at Versailles on the 7th of May 1664.
A copy of the music for this ballet, made about 1680, is preserved in
the library of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. The music
contains a piece entitled “Les violons et les cors de chasse,” written
in the same style as Cavalli’s scena; there are but two staves,
and on both the music is characteristic of the horn, with which the
violins would play in unison. The piece finishes on B♭ 
and to play this note as the second of the harmonic series, the
fundamental not being obtainable, the tube of the horn must have
been over 17 ft. long. Among Philidor’s copies of Lulli’s ballets
preserved in the library of the Paris Conservatoire of Music (vol.
xlvii., p. 61) is a more complete copy of the above. The second
number is an “Air des valets de chiens et des chasseurs avec les
cors de chasse,” which is substantially the same as the one in the
Fitzwilliam Museum, but set for five horns in B♭. Here again the
use of D, the fifth note of the harmonic series, indicates that the
fundamental was 
a tone lower than the C horn
scored for by Cavalli, and known as B♭ basso. Victor Mahillon[11]
considers that the music reveals the fact that it was written for
horns in B♭, 35 degrees (chromatic semitones) above 32-ft. C, or
having a wave-length of 1.475 m. To this statement
it is not possible to subscribe. The quintette required four horns in
B♭ over 8 ft. long and one B♭ basso about 17 ft. long. It is obvious
that the present custom of placing the bass notes of the horn on the
- ↑ See Musée du Conservatoire National de Musique. Catalogue des instruments de musique (Paris, 1884), p. 147.
- ↑ See Captain C. R. Day, Descriptive Catalogue of the Musical Instruments exhibited at the Military Exhibition (London, 1890), p. 147, No. 307.
- ↑ See V. Mahillon, Catal. vol. i. No. 468.
- ↑ See Captain C. R. Day, Catal. No. 309, p. 148.
- ↑ For an illustration see Catalogue of the Special Exhibition of Ancient Musical Instruments at South Kensington Museum 1872 (London, 1873), p. 25, No. 332.
- ↑ See Katalog des musikhistorischen Museums von Paul de Wit (Leipzig, 1904), p. 142, No. 564, where it is classified as a Jägertrompete after Praetorius; it has a trumpet mouthpiece.
- ↑ For an illustration see F. J. Crowest. English Music, p. 449, No. 12.
- ↑ See Ignatz and Anton Böck in Baierisches Musik-Lexikon by Felix J. Lipowski (Munich, 1811), p. 26, note.
- ↑ See, for instance, frontispiece of Walther’s Musikalisches Lexikon (Leipzig, 1732); J. F. B. C. Majer’s Musik-Saal (Nuremberg, 1741, 2nd ed.), p. 54; Joh. Christ. Kolb, Pinacotheca Davidica (Augsburg, 1711); Ps. xci.; “Componimenti Musicali per il cembalo Dr Theofilo Muffat, organista di sua Sacra Maesta Carlo VI. Imp.” (1690), title-page in Denkmäler d. Tonkunst in Oesterreich, Bd. iii.
- ↑ See Hugo Goldschmidt, “Das Orchester der italienischen Oper im 17 Jahrhundert,” Intern. Mus. Ges., Smbd. ii. 1, p. 73.
- ↑ See “Le Cor,” pp. 23 and 24, and Dictionnaire de l’acad. des beaux arts, vol. iv., art. “Cor.”
