published another collection of Lyrical Poems and Romances; and in 1862 the historical epic of Valdemar Seir, volumes which contain his best work. From 1851, when he succeeded Oehlenschläger, to his death, he held the honorary post of professor of aesthetics at the university of Copenhagen. He died in Rome in 1872. Hauch was one of the most prolific of the Danish poets, though his writings are unequal in value. His lyrics and romances in verse are always fine in form and often strongly imaginative. In all his writings, but especially in his tragedies, he displays a strong bias in favour of what is mystical and supernatural. Of his dramas Marshal Stig is perhaps the best, and of his novels the patriotic tale of Vilhelm Zabern is admired the most.
See G. Brandes, “Carsten Hauch” (1873) in Danske Digtere (1877); F. Rönning, J. C. Hauch (1890), and in Dansk Biografisk-Lexicon, (vol. vii. Copenhagen, 1893). Hauch’s novels were collected (1873–1874) and his dramatic works (3 vols., 2nd ed., 1852–1859).
HAUER, FRANZ, Ritter von (1822–1899), Austrian geologist, born in Vienna on the 30th of January 1822, was son of Joseph
von Hauer (1778–1863), who was equally distinguished as a high
Austrian official and authority on finance and as a palaeontologist.
He was educated in Vienna, afterwards studied geology at
the mining academy of Schemnitz (1839–1843), and for a time
was engaged in official mining work in Styria. In 1846 he
became assistant to W. von Haidinger at the mineralogical
museum in Vienna; three years later he joined the imperial
geological institute, and in 1866 he was appointed director.
In 1886 he became superintendent of the imperial natural history
museum in Vienna. Among his special geological works are
those on the Cephalopoda of the Triassic and Jurassic formations
of Alpine regions (1855–1856). His most important general
work was that of the Geological Map of Austro-Hungary, in
twelve sheets (1867–1871; 4th ed., 1884, including Bosnia
and Montenegro). This map was accompanied by a series of
explanatory pamphlets. In 1882 he was awarded the Wollaston
medal by the Geological Society of London. In 1892 von Hauer
became a life-member of the upper house of the Austrian parliament.
He died on the 20th of March 1899.
Publications.—Beiträge zur Paläontolographie von Österreich (1858–1859); Die Geologie und ihre Anwendung auf die Kenntnis der Bodenbeschaffenheit der österr.-ungar. Monarchie (1875; ed. 2, 1878).
Memoir by Dr E. Tietze; Jahrbuch der K. K. geolog. Reichsanstalt (1899, reprinted 1900, with portrait).
HAUFF, WILHELM (1802–1827), German poet and novelist,
was born at Stuttgart on the 29th of November 1802, the son
of a secretary in the ministry of foreign affairs. Young Hauff
lost his father when he was but seven years of age, and his early
education was practically self-gained in the library of his maternal
grandfather at Tübingen, to which place his mother had removed.
In 1818 he was sent to the Klosterschule at Blaubeuren, whence
he passed in 1820 to the university of Tübingen. In four years
he completed his philosophical and theological studies, and on
leaving the university became tutor to the children of the famous
Württemberg minister of war, General Baron Ernst Eugen von
Hügel (1774–1849), and for them wrote his Märchen, which he
published in his Märchenalmanach auf das Jahr 1826. He also
wrote there the first part of the Mitteilungen aus den Memoiren
des Satan (1826) and Der Mann im Monde (1825). The latter,
a parody of the sentimental and sensual novels of H. Clauren
(pseudonym of Karl Gottlieb Samuel Heun [1771–1854]), became,
in course of composition, a close imitation of that author’s style
and was actually published under his name. Clauren, in consequence,
brought an action for damages against Hauff and
gained his case. Whereupon Hauff followed up the attack in
his witty and sarcastic Kontroverspredigt über H. Clauren und
den Mann im Monde (1826) and attained his original object—the
moral annihilation of the mawkish and unhealthy literature
with which Clauren was flooding the country. Meanwhile,
animated by Sir Walter Scott’s novels, Hauff wrote the historical
romance Lichtenstein (1826), which acquired great popularity
in Germany and especially in Swabia, treating as it did the
most interesting period in the history of that country, the reign
of Duke Ulrich (1487–1550). While on a journey to France,
the Netherlands and north Germany he wrote the
second part
of the Memoiren des Satan and some short novels, among them
the charming Bettlerin vom Pont des Arts and his masterpiece,
the Phantasien im Bremer Ratskeller (1827). He also published
some short poems which have passed into Volkslieder, among
them Morgenrot, Morgenrot, leuchtest mir zum frühen Tod;
and Steh’ ich in finstrer Mitternacht. In January 1827, Hauff
undertook the editorship of the Stuttgart Morgenblatt and in
the following month married, but his happiness was prematurely
cut short by his death from fever on the 18th of November 1827.
Considering his brief life, Hauff was an extraordinarily prolific writer. The freshness and originality of his talent, his inventiveness, and his genial humour have won him a high place among the south German prose writers of the early nineteenth century.
His Sämtliche Werke were published, with a biography, by G. Schwab (3 vols., 1830–1834; 5 vols., 18th ed., 1882), and by F. Bobertag (1891–1897), and a selection by M. Mendheim (3 vols., 1891). For his life cf. J. Klaiber, Wilhelm Hauff, ein Lebensbild (1881); M. Mendheim, Hauffs Leben und Werke (1894); and H. Hofmann, W. Hauff (1902).
HAUG, MARTIN (1827–1876), German Orientalist, was born
at Ostdorf near Balingen, Württemberg, on the 30th of January
1827. He became a pupil in the gymnasium at Stuttgart at a
comparatively late age, and in 1848 he entered the university
of Tübingen, where he studied Oriental languages, especially
Sanskrit. He afterwards attended lectures in Göttingen, and
in 1854 settled as Privatdozent at Bonn. In 1856 he removed
to Heidelberg, where he assisted Bunsen in his literary undertakings;
and in 1859 he accepted an invitation to India, where
he became superintendent of Sanskrit studies and professor of
Sanskrit in Poona. Here his acquaintance with the Zend
language and literature afforded him excellent opportunities
for extending his knowledge of this branch of literature. The
result of his researches was a volume of Essays on the sacred
language, writings and religion of the Parsees (Bombay, 1862).
Having returned to Stuttgart in 1866, he was called to Munich
as professor of Sanskrit and comparative philology in 1868.
He died on the 3rd of June 1876.
Besides the Essays on the Parsees, of which a new edition, by E. W. West, greatly enriched from the posthumous papers of the author, appeared in 1878, Haug published a number of works of considerable importance to the student of the literatures of ancient India and Persia. They include Die Pehlewisprache und der Bundehesch (1854); Die Schrift und Sprache der zweiten Keilschriftgattung (1855); Die fünf Gathas, edited, translated and expounded (1858–1860); an edition, with translation and explanation, of the Aitareya Brahmana of the Rigveda (Bombay, 1863), which is accounted his best work in the province of ancient Indian literature; A Lecture on an original Speech of Zoroaster (1865); An old Zend-Pahlavi Glossary (1867); Über den Charakter der Pehlewisprache (1869); Das 18. Kapitel des Wendidad (1869); Über das Ardai-Virafnameh (1870); An old Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary (1870); and Vedische Rätselfragen und Rätselsprüche (1875).
For particulars of Haug’s life and work, see A. Bezzenberger, Beiträge zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen, vol. i. pp. 70 seq.
HAUGE, HANS NIELSEN (1771–1824), Norwegian Lutheran
divine, was born in the parish of Thunö, Norway, on the 3rd of
April 1771, the son of a peasant. With the aid of various
religious works which he found in his father’s house, he laboured
to supplement his scanty education. In his twenty-sixth year,
believing himself to be a divinely-commissioned prophet, he
began to preach in his native parish and afterwards throughout
Norway, calling people to repentance and attacking rationalism.
In 1800 he passed to Denmark, where, as at home, he gained
many followers and assistants, chiefly among the lower orders.
Proceeding to Christiansand in 1804, Hauge set up a printing-press
to disseminate his views more widely, but was almost
immediately arrested for holding illegal religious meetings,
and for insulting the regular clergy in his books, all of which
were confiscated; he was also heavily fined. After being in
confinement for some years, he was released in 1814 on payment
of a fine, and retiring to an estate at Breddwill, near Christiania,
he died there on the 29th of March 1824. His adherents, who
did not formally break with the church, were called Haugianer
or Leser (i.e. Readers). He unquestionably did much to revive
