HAVERSTRAW, a village of Rockland county, New York, U.S.A., in a township of the same name, 32 m. N. of New York City, and finely situated on the W. shore of Haverstraw Bay, an enlargement of the Hudson river. Pop. of the village (1890), 5070; (1900) 5935, of whom 1231 were foreign-born and 568 were negroes; (1905, state census) 6182; (1910) 5669; of the township (1910) 9335. Haverstraw is served by the West Shore, the New Jersey & New York (Erie), and the New York, Ontario & Western railways, and is connected by steamboat lines with Peekskill and Newburgh. The village lies at the N. base of High Tor (832 ft.). It has a public library, founded by the King’s Daughters’ Society in 1895 and housed in the Fowler library building. Excellent clay is found in the township, and Haverstraw is one of the largest brick manufacturing centres in the world; brick-machines also are manufactured here. The Minesceongo creek furnishes water power for silk mills, dye works and print works. Haverstraw was settled by the Dutch probably as early as 1648. Near the village of Haverstraw (in the township of Stony Point), in the Joshua Hett Smith House, or “Old Treason House,” as it is generally called, Benedict Arnold and Major André met before daylight on the 22nd of September 1780 to arrange plans for the betrayal of West Point. In 1826 a short-lived Owenite Community (of about 80 members) was established near West Haverstraw and Garnerville (in the township of Haverstraw). The members of the community established a Church of Reason, in which lectures were delivered on ethics, philosophy and science. Dissensions soon arose in the community, the experiment was abandoned within five months, and most of the members joined in turn the Coxsackie Community, also in New York, and the Kendal Community, near Canton, Ohio, both of which were also short-lived. The village of Haverstraw was originally known as Warren and was incorporated under that name in 1854; in 1873 it became officially the village of Haverstraw—both names had previously been used locally. The village of West Haverstraw (pop. in 1890, 180; in 1900, 2079; and in 1910, 2369), also in Haverstraw township, was founded in 1830, was long known as Samsondale, and was incorporated under its present name in 1883.
See F. B. Green, History of Rockland County (New York, 1886).
HAVET, EUGÈNE AUGUSTE ERNEST (1813–1889), French
scholar, was born in Paris on the 11th of April 1813. Educated
at the Lycée Saint-Louis and the École Normale, he was for
many years before his death on the 21st of December 1889
professor of Latin eloquence at the Collège de France. His two
capital works were a commentary on the works of Pascal, Pensées
de Pascal publiées dans leur texte authentique avec un commentaire
suivi (1852; 2nd ed. 2 vols., 1881), and Le Christianisme et ses
origines (4 vols., 1871–1884), the chief thesis of which was that
Christianity owed more to Greek philosophy than to the writings
of the Hebrew prophets. His elder son, Pierre Antoine Louis
Havet (b. 1849), was professor of Latin philology at the Collège
de France and a member of the Institute. The younger, Julien,
is separately noticed.
HAVET, JULIEN (Pierre Eugène) (1853–1893), French
historian, was born at Vitry-sur-Seine on the 4th of April 1853,
the second son of Ernest Havet. He early showed a remarkable
aptitude for learning, but had a pronounced aversion for pure
rhetoric. His studies at the École des Chartes (where he took
first place both on entering and leaving) and at the École des
Hautes Études did much to develop his critical faculty, and the
historical method taught and practised at these establishments
brought home to him the dignity of history, which thenceforth
became his ruling passion. His valedictory thesis at the École
des Chartes, Série chronologique des gardiens et seigneurs des Îles
Normandes (1876), was a definitive work and but slightly affected
by later research. In 1878 he followed his thesis by a study called
Les Cours royales dans les Îles Normandes. Both these works were
composed entirely from the original documents at the Public
Record Office, London, and the archives of Jersey and Guernsey.
On the history of Merovingian institutions, Havet’s conclusions
were widely accepted (see La Formule N. rex Francor., v. inl.,
1885). His first work in this province was Du sens du mot
“romain” dans les lois franques (1876), a critical study on a theory
of Fustel de Coulanges. In this he showed that the status of the
homo Romanus of the barbarian laws was inferior to that of the
German freeman; that the Gallo-Romans had been subjected
by the Germans to a state of servitude; and, consequently,
that the Germans had conquered the Gallo-Romans. He aimed
a further blow at Fustel’s system by showing that the Frankish
kings had never borne the Roman title of vir inluster, and that
they could not therefore be considered as being in the first place
Roman magistrates; and that in the royal diplomas the king
issued his commands as rex Francorum and addressed his
functionaries as viri inlustres. His attention having been drawn
to questions of authenticity by the forgeries of Vrain Lucas, he
devoted himself to tracing the spurious documents that encumbered
and perverted Merovingian and Carolingian history.
In his A propos des découvertes de Jérome Vignier (1880), he
exposed the forgeries committed in the 17th century by this
priest. He then turned his attention to a group of documents
relating to ecclesiastical history in the Carolingian period and
bearing on the question of false decretals, and produced Les
Chartes de St-Calais (1887) and Les Actes de l’évêché du Mans
(1894). On the problems afforded by the chronology of Gerbert’s
(Pope Silvester II.) letters and by the notes in cipher in the MS.
of his letters, he wrote L’Écriture secrète de Gerbert (1877), which
may be compared with his Notes tironiennes dans les diplômes
mérovingiens (1885). In 1889 he brought out an edition of
Gerbert’s letters, which was a model of critical sagacity. Each
new work increased his reputation, in Germany as well as France.
At the Bibliothèque Nationale, where he obtained a post, he
rendered great service by his wide knowledge of foreign languages,
and read voraciously everything that related, however remotely,
to his favourite studies. He was finally appointed assistant
curator in the department of printed books. He died prematurely
at St Cloud on the 19th of August 1893.
After his death his published and unpublished writings were collected and published (with the exception of Les Cours royales des Îles Normandes and Lettres de Gerbert) in two volumes called Questions mérovingiennes and Opuscules inédits (1896), containing, besides important papers on diplomatic and on Carolingian and Merovingian history, a large number of short monographs ranging over a great variety of subjects. A collection of his articles was published by his friends under the title of Mélanges Havet (1895), prefixed by a bibliography of his works compiled by his friend Henri Omont. (C. B.*)
HAVRE, LE, a seaport of north-western France, in the department
of Seine-Inférieure, on the north bank of the estuary of the
Seine, 143 m. W.N.W. of Paris and 55 m. W. of Rouen by the
Western railway. Pop. (1906), 129,403. The greater part of the
town stands on the level strip of ground bordering the estuary,
but on the N. rises an eminence, la Côte, covered by the gardens
and villas of the richer quarter. The central point of the town
is the Place de l’hôtel de ville in which are the public gardens.
It is crossed by the Boulevard de Strasbourg, running from the
sea on the west to the railway station and the barracks on the
east. The rue de Paris, the busiest street, starts at the Grand
Quai, overlooking the outer harbour, and, intersecting the Place
Gambetta, runs north and enters the Place de l’hôtel de ville on
its southern side. The docks start immediately to the east of this
street and extend over a large area to the south and south-east
of the town. Apart from the church of Notre-Dame, dating
from the 16th and 17th centuries, the chief buildings of Havre,
including the hôtel de ville, the law courts, and the exchange,
are of modern erection. The museum contains a collection of
antiquities and paintings. Havre is the seat of a sub-prefect,
and forms part of the maritime arrondissement of Cherbourg.
Among the public institutions are a tribunal of first instance, a
tribunal of commerce, a board of trade arbitrators, a tribunal of
maritime commerce, a chamber of commerce and a branch of the
Bank of France. There are lycées for boys and girls, schools of
commerce and other educational establishments. Havre, which is
a fortified place of the second class, ranks second to Marseilles
among French seaports. There are nine basins (the oldest of which
