and Hutchinson’s principal industry is the manufacture (by the open-pan and grainer processes) and the shipping of salt; the city has one of the largest salt plants in the world. Among the other manufactures are flour, creamery products, soda-ash, straw-board, planing-mill products and packed meats. Natural gas is largely used as a factory fuel. The city’s factory product was valued at $2,031,048 in 1905, an increase of 31.8% since 1900. Hutchinson was chartered as a city in 1871.
HUTTEN, PHILIPP VON (c. 1511–1546), German knight,
was a relative of Ulrich von Hutten and passed some of his
early years at the court of the emperor Charles V. Later he
joined the band of adventurers which under Georg Hohermuth,
or George of Spires, sailed to Venezuela, or Venosala as Hutten
calls it, with the object of conquering and exploiting this land in
the interests of the Augsburg family of Welser. The party
landed at Coro in February 1535 and Hutten accompanied
Hohermuth on his long and toilsome expedition into the interior
in search of treasure. After the death of Hohermuth in December
1540 he became captain-general of Venezuela. Soon after this
event he vanished into the interior, returning after five years
of wandering to find that a Spaniard, Juan de Caravazil, or
Caravajil, had been appointed governor in his absence. With
his travelling companion, Bartholomew Welser the younger,
he was seized by Caravazil in April 1546 and the two were
afterwards put to death.
Hutten left some letters, and also a narrative of the earlier part of his adventures, this Zeitung aus India Junkher Philipps von Hutten being published in 1785.
HUTTEN, ULRICH VON (1488–1523), was born on the 21st of
April 1488, at the castle of Steckelberg, near Fulda, in Hesse.
Like Erasmus or Pirckheimer, he was one of those men who
form the bridge between Humanists and Reformers. He lived
with both, sympathized with both, though he died before the
Reformation had time fully to develop. His life may be divided
into four parts:—his youth and cloister-life (1488–1504); his
wanderings in pursuit of knowledge (1504–1515); his strife
with Ulrich of Württemberg (1515–1519); and his connexion
with the Reformation (1519–1523). Each of these periods
had its own special antagonism, which coloured Hutten’s career:
in the first, his horror of dull monastic routine; in the second,
the ill-treatment he met with at Greifswald; in the third, the
crime of Duke Ulrich; in the fourth, his disgust with Rome
and with Erasmus. He was the eldest son of a poor and not
undistinguished knightly family. As he was mean of stature
and sickly his father destined him for the cloister, and he was
sent to the Benedictine house at Fulda; the thirst for learning
there seized on him, and in 1505 he fled from the monastic life,
and won his freedom with the sacrifice of his worldly prospects,
and at the cost of incurring his father’s undying anger. From
the Fulda cloister he went first to Cologne, next to Erfurt, and then
to Frankfort-on-Oder on the opening in 1506 of the new university
of that town. For a time he was in Leipzig, and in 1508 we find
him a shipwrecked beggar on the Pomeranian coast. In 1509
the university of Greifswald welcomed him, but here too those
who at first received him kindly became his foes; the sensitive
ill-regulated youth, who took the liberties of genius, wearied
his burgher patrons; they could not brook the poet’s airs and
vanity, and ill-timed assertions of his higher rank. Wherefore
he left Greifswald, and as he went was robbed of clothes and
books, his only baggage, by the servants of his late friends;
in the dead of winter, half starved, frozen, penniless, he reached
Rostock. Here again the Humanists received him gladly,
and under their protection he wrote against his Greifswald
patrons, thus beginning the long list of his satires and fierce
attacks on personal or public foes. Rostock could not hold
him long; he wandered on to Wittenberg and Leipzig, and
thence to Vienna, where he hoped to win the emperor Maximilian’s
favour by an elaborate national poem on the war with Venice.
But neither Maximilian nor the university of Vienna would
lift a hand for him, and he passed into Italy, where, at Pavia,
he sojourned throughout 1511 and part of 1512. In the latter
year his studies were interrupted by war; in the siege of Pavia
by papal troops and Swiss, he was plundered by both sides,
and escaped, sick and penniless, to Bologna; on his recovery
he even took service as a private soldier in the emperor’s army.
This dark period lasted no long time; in 1514 he was again in Germany, where, thanks to his poetic gifts and the friendship of Eitelwolf von Stein (d. 1515), he won the favour of the elector of Mainz, Archbishop Albert of Brandenburg. Here high dreams of a learned career rose on him; Mainz should be made the metropolis of a grand Humanist movement, the centre of good style and literary form. But the murder in 1515 of his relative Hans von Hutten by Ulrich, duke of Württemberg, changed the whole course of his life; satire, chief refuge of the weak, became Hutten’s weapon; with one hand he took his part in the famous Epistolae obscurorum virorum, and with the other launched scathing letters, eloquent Ciceronian orations, or biting satires against the duke. Though the emperor was too lazy and indifferent to smite a great prince, he took Hutten under his protection and bestowed on him the honour of a laureate crown in 1517. Hutten, who had meanwhile revisited Italy, again attached himself to the electoral court at Mainz; and he was there when in 1518 his friend Pirckheimer wrote, urging him to abandon the court and dedicate himself to letters. We have the poet’s long reply, in an epistle on his “way of life,” an amusing mixture of earnestness and vanity, self-satisfaction and satire; he tells his friend that his career is just begun, that he has had twelve years of wandering, and will now enjoy himself a while in patriotic literary work; that he has by no means deserted the humaner studies, but carries with him a little library of standard books. Pirckheimer in his burgher life may have ease and even luxury; he, a knight of the empire, how can he condescend to obscurity? He must abide where he can shine.
In 1519 he issued in one volume his attacks on Duke Ulrich, and then, drawing sword, took part in the private war which overthrew that prince; in this affair he became intimate with Franz von Sickingen, the champion of the knightly order (Ritterstand). Hutten now warmly and openly espoused the Lutheran cause, but he was at the same time mixed up in the attempt of the “Ritterstand” to assert itself as the militia of the empire against the independence of the German princes. Soon after this time he discovered at Fulda a copy of the manifesto of the emperor Henry IV. against Hildebrand, and published it with comments as an attack on the papal claims over Germany. He hoped thereby to interest the new emperor Charles V., and the higher orders in the empire, in behalf of German liberties; but the appeal failed. What Luther had achieved by speaking to cities and common folk in homely phrase, because he touched heart and conscience, that the far finer weapons of Hutten failed to effect, because he tried to touch the more cultivated sympathies and dormant patriotism of princes and bishops, nobles and knights. And so he at once gained an undying name in the republic of letters and ruined his own career. He showed that the artificial verse-making of the Humanists could be connected with the new outburst of genuine German poetry. The Minnesinger was gone; the new national singer, a Luther or a Hans Sachs, was heralded by the stirring lines of Hutten’s pen. These have in them a splendid natural swing and ring, strong and patriotic, though unfortunately addressed to knight and landsknecht rather than to the German people.
The poet’s high dream of a knightly national regeneration had a rude awakening. The attack on the papacy, and Luther’s vast and sudden popularity, frightened Elector Albert, who dismissed Hutten from his court. Hoping for imperial favour, he betook himself to Charles V.; but that young prince would have none of him. So he returned to his friends, and they rejoiced greatly to see him still alive; for Pope Leo X. had ordered him to be arrested and sent to Rome, and assassins dogged his steps. He now attached himself more closely to Franz von Sickingen and the knightly movement. This also came to a disastrous end in the capture of the Ebernberg, and Sickingen’s death; the higher nobles had triumphed; the archbishops avenged themselves on Lutheranism as interpreted
