INDABA, a Zulu-Bantu word, formed from the inflexional prefix in and daba, business, news, for an important conference held by the “indunas” or principal men of the Kaffir (Zulu-Xosa) tribes of South Africa. Such “indabas” may include only the “indunas” of a particular tribe, or may be held with the representatives of other tribes or peoples.
INDAZOLES (Benzopyrazoles), organic substances containing
the ring system
 |
∕CH |  NH.
|
| | | ||
 N
|
The parent substance indazole, C7H6N2, was obtained by E. Fischer (Ann. 1883, 221, p. 280) by heating ortho-hydrazine cinnamic acid,
C6H4 |
CH = CH·COOH | =C2H4O2+C7H6N2. |
| NH·NH2 |
It has also been obtained by heating ortho-diazoaminotoluene with acetic acid and benzene (F. Heusler, Ber., 1891, 24, p. 4161).
| C6H4 |
CH3 | =C7H7NH2+C7H6N2. |
| N:N·NHC7H7 |
It crystallizes in needles (from hot water), which melt at 146.5° C. and boil at 269°-270° C. It is readily soluble in hot water, alcohol and dilute hydrochloric acid. Nitrous acid converts it into nitrosoindazole; whilst on heating with the alkyl iodides it is converted into alkyl indazoles.
A series of compounds isomeric with these alkyl derivatives is known, and can be considered as derived from the ring system
|
∕NH |  N.
|
| CH
|
These isomers are called isindazoles, and may be prepared by the reduction of the nitroso-ortho-alkylamino-acetophenones with zinc dust and water or acetic acid. The indazoles are weak bases, which crystallize readily. Phenyl indazole, on reduction with sodium and absolute alcohol, gives a dihydro derivative (K. L. Paal, Ber., 1891, 24, p. 963).
For other derivatives, see E. Fischer and J. Tafel, Ann. 1885, 227, p. 314.
INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnité, Lat. indemnis, free from
damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss), in law, an
undertaking, either express or implied, to compensate another
for loss or damage, or for trouble or expense incurred; also the
sum so paid (see Contract; and Insurance: Marine). An
act of indemnity is a statute passed for the purpose either of
relieving persons from disabilities and penalties to which they
have rendered themselves liable or to make legal transactions
which, when they took place, were illegal. An act or bill of
indemnity used to be passed every session by the English parliament
for the relief of those who had unwittingly neglected to
qualify themselves in certain respects for the holding of offices,
&c., as, for example, justices, without taking the necessary oaths.
The Promissory Oaths Act 1868 rendered this unnecessary.
INDENE, C9H8, a hydrocarbon found in the fraction of the
coal tar distillate boiling between 176° and 182° C., and from
which it may be extracted by means of its picrate (G. Kramer,
A. Spilker, Ber., 1890, 23, p. 3276). It may also be obtained
by distilling the calcium salt of hydrindene carboxylic acid,
C6H4(CH2)2·CH·COOH. It is an oil which boils at 179.5°-180.5°,
and has a specific gravity 1.04 (15° C.). Dilute nitric acid
oxidizes it to phthalic acid, and sodium reduces it in alcoholic solution
to hydrindene, C9H10. A. v. Baeyer and W. H. Perkin (Ber.,
1884, 17, p. 125) by the action of sodiomalonic ester on ortho-xylylene
bromide obtained a hydrindene dicarboxylic ester,
this ester on hydrolysis yields the corresponding acid, which on heating loses carbon dioxide and gives the monocarboxylic acid of hydrindene. The barium salt of this acid, when heated, yields indene and not hydrindene, hydrogen being liberated (W. H. Perkin, Jour. Chem. Soc., 1894, 65, p. 228). Indene vapour when passed through a red hot tube yields chrysene. It combines with nitrosyl chloride to form indene nitrosate (M. Dennstedt and C. Ahrens, Ber., 1895, 28, p. 1331) and it reacts with benzaldehyde, oxalic ester and formic ester (J. Thiele, Ber., 1900, 33, p. 3395).
On the derivatives of indene see W. v. Miller, Ber., 1890, 23, p. 1883; Th. Zincke, Ber., 1887, 20, p. 2394, 1886, 19, p. 2493; and W. Roser and E. Haselhoff, Ann., 1888, 247, p. 140.
INDENTURE (through O. Fr. endenture from a legal Latin
term indentura, indentare, to cut into teeth, to give a jagged
edge, in modum dentium, like teeth), a law term for a special
form of deed executed between two or more parties, and having
counterparts or copies equal to the number of parties. These
copies were all drawn on one piece of vellum or paper divided
by a toothed or “indented” line. The copies when separated
along this waved line could then be identified as “tallies” when
brought together. Deeds executed by one party only had a
smooth or “polled” edge, whence the name “deed poll.” By
the Real Property Act 1845, § 5, all deeds purporting to be
“indentures” have the effect of an “indenture,” even though
the indented line be absent. The name “chirograph” (Gr. χεὶρ,
hand, γράφειν, to write) was also early applied to such a form
of deed, and the word itself was often written along the indented
line (see further Deed and Diplomatic). The term “indenture”
is now used generally of any sealed agreement between two or
more parties, and specifically of a contract of apprenticeship,
whence the phrase “to take up one’s indentures,” on completion
of the term, and also of a contract by labourers to serve in
a foreign country or colony (see Coolie).
INDEPENDENCE, a city and the county-seat of Jackson
county, Missouri, U.S.A., 3 m. S. of the Missouri river and
10 m. E. of Kansas City. Pop. (1890) 6380, (1900) 6974 (937
negroes); (1910) 9859. The city is served by the Missouri
Pacific, the Chicago & Alton, and the Kansas City Southern
railways, and by an electric line and fine boulevard to Kansas
City. It is situated about 1000 ft. above the sea, and is surrounded
by a fertile agricultural district. The city has a small
public square (surrounding the court-house) and a public library,
and is the seat of St Mary’s Academy, under the control of the
Sisters of Mercy. Among its manufactures are farming implements,
flour and lumber. The municipality owns its electric
lighting plant. Independence was laid out as a town and chosen
as the county-seat in 1827, first chartered as a city in 1849 and
made a city of the third-class in 1889. About 1500 Mormons,
attracted by the “revelation” that this was to be a Zion,
settled in and about Independence in 1831 and 1832. They
contemplated building their chief temple about 12 m. W. of the
site of the present court house, but in 1833 (partly because
they invited free negroes to join them) were expelled by the
“gentile” inhabitants of Independence. In 1867 a settlement
of about 150 Hedrickites, or members of the “Church of Jesus
Christ” (organized in Illinois in 1835), came here and secretly
bought up parts of the “Temple Lot.” The heirs of the settlers
of 1831–1832 conveyed the lot by deed to the Reorganized Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (with headquarters at
Lamoni, Iowa), which brought suit against the Hedrickites,
but in 1894 the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decided the case
on the ground of laches in favour of the Hedrickites, who fifteen
years afterwards had nearly died out. In 1867–1869 a few
families belonging to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter Day Saints (monogamists) settled in Independence,
and in 1908 their church here had about 2000 members. Besides
a large church building, they have here a printing establishment,
from which is issued the weekly Zion’s Ensign (founded in 1891),
and the “Independence Sanitarium” (completed in 1908).
The faithful Mormons still look to Independence as the Zion
of the church. In 1907 a number of Mormons from Utah settled
here, moving the headquarters of the “Central States’ Mission”
from Kansas City to Independence, and founded a periodical
called Liahona, the Elder’s Journal. From about 1831 to 1844,
when its river landing was destroyed by flood, Independence was
the headquarters and outfitting point of the extensive caravan
trains for the Santa Fé, Oregon and Old Salt Lake trails. During
the Civil War about 300 Federals under Lieut.-Colonel D. H. Buel,
occupying the town, were captured on the 16th of August 1862
by Colonel Hughes in command of 1500 Confederates, and on
the 22nd of October 1864 a part of General Sterling Price’s
