sake, he would quarrel no longer with his dear brother.” During the reign of his colleague Peter, Ivan V. took no part whatever in affairs, but devoted himself “to incessant prayer and rigorous fasting.” On the 9th of January 1684 he married Praskovia Saltuikova, who bore him five daughters, one of whom, Anne, ultimately ascended the Russian throne. In his last years Ivan was a paralytic. He died on the 29th of January 1696.
See R. Nisbet Bain, The First Romanovs (London, 1905); M. P. Pogodin, The First Seventeen Years of the Life of Peter the Great (Rus.) (Moscow, 1875).
Ivan VI. (1740–1764), emperor of Russia, was the son of Prince Antony Ulrich of Brunswick, and the princess Anna Leopoldovna of Mecklenburg, and great-nephew of the empress Anne, who adopted him and declared him her successor on the 5th of October 1740, when he was only eight weeks old. On the death of Anne (October 17th) he was proclaimed emperor, and on the following day Ernest Johann Biren, duke of Courland, was appointed regent. On the fall of Biren (November 8th), the regency passed to the baby tsar’s mother, though the government was in the hands of the capable vice-chancellor, Andrei Osterman. A little more than twelve months later, a coup d’état placed the tsesarevna Elizabeth on the throne (December 6, 1741), and Ivan and his family were imprisoned in the fortress of Dünamünde (Ust Dvinsk) (December 13, 1742) after a preliminary detention at Riga, from whence the new empress had at first decided to send them home to Brunswick. In June 1744 they were transferred to Kholmogory on the White Sea, where Ivan, isolated from his family, and seeing nobody but his gaoler, remained for the next twelve years. Rumours of his confinement at Kholmogory having leaked out, he was secretly transferred to the fortress of Schlüsselburg (1756), where he was still more rigorously guarded, the very commandant of the fortress not knowing who “a certain arrestant” committed to his care really was. On the accession of Peter III. the condition of the unfortunate prisoner seemed about to be ameliorated, for the kind-hearted emperor visited and sympathized with him; but Peter himself was overthrown a few weeks later. In the instructions sent to Ivan’s guardian, Prince Churmtyev, the latter was ordered to chain up his charge, and even scourge him should he become refractory. On the accession of Catherine still more stringent orders were sent to the officer in charge of “the nameless one.” If any attempt were made from outside to release him, the prisoner was to be put to death; in no circumstances was he to be delivered alive into any one’s hands, even if his deliverers produced the empress’s own sign-manual authorizing his release. By this time, twenty years of solitary confinement had disturbed Ivan’s mental equilibrium, though he does not seem to have been actually insane. Nevertheless, despite the mystery surrounding him, he was well aware of his imperial origin, and always called himself gosudar (sovereign). Though instructions had been given to keep him ignorant, he had been taught his letters and could read his Bible. Nor could his residence at Schlüsselburg remain concealed for ever, and its discovery was the cause of his ruin. A sub-lieutenant of the garrison, Vasily Mirovich, found out all about him, and formed a plan for freeing and proclaiming him emperor. At midnight on the 5th of July 1764, Mirovich won over some of the garrison, arrested the commandant, Berednikov, and demanded the delivery of Ivan, who there and then was murdered by his gaolers in obedience to the secret instructions already in their possession.
See R. Nisbet Bain, The Pupils of Peter the Great (London, 1897); M. Semevsky, Ivan VI. Antonovich (Rus.) (St Petersburg, 1866); A. Brückner, The Emperor Ivan VI. and his Family (Rus.) (Moscow, 1874); V. A. Bilbasov, Geschichte Catherine II. (vol. ii., Berlin, 1891–1893). (R. N. B.)
IVANGOROD, a fortified town of Russian Poland, in the
government of Lublin, 64 m. by rail S.E. from Warsaw, at the
confluence of the Wieprz with the Vistula. It is defended by
nine forts on the right bank of the Vistula and by three on the
left bank, and, with Warsaw, Novo-Georgievsk and Brest-Litovsk,
forms the Polish “quadrilateral.”
IVANOVO-VOZNESENSK, a town of middle Russia, in the
government of Vladimir, 86 m. by rail N. of the town of Vladimir.
Pop. (1887) 22,000; (1900) 64,628. It consists of what were
originally two villages—Ivanovo, dating from the 16th century,
and Voznesensk, of much more recent date—united into a town
in 1861. Of best note among the public buildings are the
cathedral, and the church of the Intercession of the Virgin,
formerly associated with an important monastery founded in
1579 and abandoned in 1754. One of the colleges of the town
contains a public library. Linen-weaving was introduced in
1751, and in 1776 the manufacture of chintzes was brought from
Schlüsselburg. The town has cotton factories, calico print-works,
iron-works and chemical works.
IVARR, BEINLAUSI (d. 873), son of Ragnar Lothbrok, the
great Viking chieftain, is known in English and Continental
annals as Inuaer, Ingwar or Hingwar. He was one of the
Danish leaders in the Sheppey expedition of 855 and was perhaps
present at the siege of York in 867. The chief incident in his
life was his share in the martyrdom of St Edmund in 870. He
seems to have been the leader of the Danes on that occasion,
and by this act he probably gained the epithet “crudelissimus”
by which he is usually described. It is probable that he is to be
identified with Imhar, king of the Norsemen of all Ireland and
Britain, who was active in Ireland between the years 852 and
873, the year of his death.
IVIZA, Ibiza or Iviça, an island in the Mediterranean Sea,
belonging to Spain, and forming part of the archipelago known as
the Balearic Islands (q.v.). Pop. (1900) 23,524; area 228 sq. m.
Iviza lies 50 m. S.W. of Majorca and about 60 m. from Cape San
Martin on the coast of Spain. Its greatest length from north-east
to south-west is about 25 m. and its greatest breadth about 13 m.
The coast is indented by numerous small bays, the principal of
which are those of San Antonio on the north-west, and of Iviza
on the south-east. Of all the Balearic group, Iviza is the most
varied in its scenery and the most fruitful. The hilly parts
which culminate in the Pico de Atalayasa (1560 ft.), are richly
wooded. The climate is for the most part mild and agreeable,
though the hot winds from the African coast are sometimes
troublesome. Oil, corn and fruits (of which the most important
are the fig, prickly pear, almond and carob-bean) are the principal
products; hemp and flax are also grown, but the inhabitants are
rather indolent, and their modes of culture are very primitive.
There are numerous salt-pans along the coast, which were
formerly worked by the Spanish government. Fruit, salt, charcoal,
lead and stockings of native manufacture are exported.
The imports are rice, flour, sugar, woollen goods and cotton.
The capital of the island, and, indeed, the only town of much
importance—for the population is remarkably scattered—is
Iviza or La Ciudad (6527), a fortified town on the south-east
coast, consisting of a lower and upper portion, and possessing
a good harbour, a 13th-century Gothic collegiate church and an
ancient castle. Iviza was the see of a bishop from 1782 to 1851.
South of Iviza lies the smaller and more irregular island of Formentera (pop., 1900, 2243; area, 37 sq. m.), which is said to derive its name from the production of wheat. With Iviza it agrees both in general appearance and in the character of its products, but it is altogether destitute of streams. Goats and sheep are found in the mountains, and the coasts are greatly frequented by flamingoes. Iviza and Formentera are the principal islands of the lesser or western Balearic group, formerly known as the Pityusae or Pine Islands.
IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765–1842), Scottish mathematician,
was born in Dundee in 1765. In 1779 he entered the university
of St Andrews, distinguishing himself especially in mathematics.
He then studied theology; but, after two sessions at St Andrews
and one at Edinburgh, he abandoned all idea of the church, and
in 1786 he became an assistant-teacher of mathematics and
natural philosophy in a newly established academy at Dundee.
Three years later he became partner in and manager of a flax-spinning
company at Douglastown in Forfarshire, still, however,
prosecuting in moments of leisure his favourite studies. He was
essentially a self-trained mathematician, and was not only deeply
