The king had, however, previously concluded treaties of “commerce and friendship” with the French, and by the Anglo-French agreement of August 1889 Jaman, with Bontuku, was recognized as French territory. In 1892 Captain Binger made further explorations in the interior of the Ivory Coast, and in 1893 he was appointed the first governor of the colony on its erection into an administration distinct from that of Senegal. Among other famous explorers who helped to make known the hinterland was Colonel (then Captain) Marchand. It was to the zone between the Kong states and the hinterland of Liberia that Samory (see Senegal) fled for refuge before he was taken prisoner (1898), and for a short time he was master of Kong. The boundary of the colony on the west was settled by Franco-Liberian agreements of 1892 and subsequent dates; that on the east by the Anglo-French agreements of 1893 and 1898. The northern boundary was fixed in 1899 on the division of the middle Niger territories (up to that date officially called the French Sudan) among the other French West African colonies. The systematic development of the colony, the opening up of the hinterland and the exploitation of its economic resources date from the appointment of Captain Binger as governor, a post he held for over three years. The work he began has been carried on zealously and effectively by subsequent governors, who have succeeded in winning the co-operation of the natives.
In the older books of travel are often found the alternative names for this region, Tooth Coast (Côte des Dents) or Kwa-Kwa Coast, and, less frequently, the Coast of the Five and Six Stripes (alluding to a kind of cotton fabric in favour with the natives). The term Côte des Dents continued in general use in France until the closing years of the 19th century.
See Dix ans à la Côte d’Ivoire (Paris, 1906) by F. J. Clozel, governor of the colony, and Notre colonie de la Côte d’Ivoire (Paris, 1903) by R. Villamur and Richaud. These two volumes deal with the history, geography, zoology and economic condition of the Ivory Coast. La Côte d’Ivoire by Michellet and Clement describes the administrative and land systems, &c. Another volume also called La Côte d’Ivoire (Paris, 1908) is an official monograph on the colony. For ethnology consult Coutumes indigènes de la Côte d’Ivoire (Paris, 1902) by F. J. Clozel and R. Villamur, and Les Coutumes Agni, by R. Villamur and Delafosse. Of books of travel see Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée par Kong (Paris, 1892) by L. G. Binger, and Mission Hostains-d’Ollone 1890–1900 (Paris, 1901) by Captain d’Ollone. A Carte de la Côte d’Ivoire by A. Meunier, on the scale of 1:500,000 (6 sheets), was published in Paris, 1905. Annual reports on the colony are published by the French colonial and the British foreign offices.
IVREA (anc. Eporedia), a town and episcopal see of Piedmont,
Italy, in the province of Turin, from which it is 38 m. N.N.E.
by rail and 27 m. direct, situated 770 ft. above sea-level, on the
Dora Baltea at the point where it leaves the mountains. Pop.
(1901) 6047 (town), 11,696 (commune). The cathedral was
built between 973 and 1005; the gallery round the back of the
apse and the crypt have plain cubical capitals of this period.
The two campanili flanking the apse at each end of the side
aisle are the oldest example of this architectural arrangement.
The isolated tower, which is all that remains of the ancient abbey
of S. Stefano, is slightly later. The hill above the town is crowned
by the imposing Castello delle Quattro Torri, built in 1358,
and now a prison. One of the four towers was destroyed by
lightning in 1676. A tramway runs to Santhià.
The ancient Eporedia, standing at the junction of the roads from Augusta Taurinorum and Vercellae, at the point where the road to Augusta Praetoria enters the narrow valley of the Duria (Dora Baltea), was a military position of considerable importance belonging to the Salassi who inhabited the whole upper valley of the Duria. The importance of the gold-mines of the district led to its seizure by the Romans in 143 B.C. The centre of the mining industry seems to have been Victumulae (see Ticinum), until in 100 B.C. a colony of Roman citizens was founded at Eporedia itself; but the prosperity of this was only assured when the Salassi were finally defeated in 25 B.C. and Augusta Praetoria founded. There are remains of a theatre of the time of the Antonines and the Ponte Vecchio rests on Roman foundations.
In the middle ages Ivrea was the capital of a Lombard duchy, and later of a marquisate; both Berengar II. (950) and Arduin (1002) became kings of Italy for a short period. Later it submitted to the marquises of Monferrato, and in the middle of the 14th century passed to the house of Savoy. (T. As.)
IVRY-SUR-SEINE, a town of northern France, in the department
of Seine, near the left bank of the Seine, less than 1 m.
S.S.E. of the fortifications of Paris. Pop. (1906) 30,532. Ivry
has a large hospital for incurables. It manufactures organs,
earthenware, wall-paper and rubber, and has engineering works,
breweries, and oil-works, its trade being facilitated by a port
on the Seine. The town is dominated by a fort of the older line
of defence of Paris.
IVY (A.S. ifig, Ger. Epheu, perhaps connected with apium,
ἄπιον), the collective designation of certain species and
varieties of Hedera, a member of the natural order Araliaceae.
There are fifty species of ivy recorded in modern books, but they
may be reduced to two, or at the most, three. The European ivy,
Hedera Helix (fig. 1), is a plant subject to infinite variety in the
forms and colours of its leaves, but the tendency of which is
always to a three- to five-lobed form when climbing and a regular
ovate form of leaf when producing flower and fruit. The African
ivy, H. canariensis, often regarded as a variety of H. Helix and
known as the Irish ivy, is a
native of North Africa and the
adjacent islands. It is the common
large-leaved climbing ivy,
and also varies, but in a less
degree than H. Helix, from
which its leaves differ in their
larger size, rich deep green colour,
and a prevailing tendency to a
five-lobed outline. When in fruit
the leaves are usually three-lobed,
but they are sometimes
entire and broadly ovate. The
Asiatic ivy, H. colchica (fig. 2),
now considered to be a form of
H. Helix, has ovate, obscurely
three-lobed leaves of a coriaceous texture and a deep green
colour; in the tree or fruiting form the leaves are narrower
than in the climbing form, and without any trace of lobes.
Distinctive characters are also to be found in the appendages of
the pedicels and calyx, H. Helix having six-rayed stellate
hairs, H. canariensis fifteen-rayed hairs and H. colchica yellowish
two-lobed scales.
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| Fig. 1.—Ivy (Hedera Helix) fruiting branch. 1. Flower. 2. Fruit. | |
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| Fig. 2.—Hedera colchica. | Fig. 3.—Climbing Shoot of Ivy. |
The Australian ivy, H. australiana, is a small glabrous shrub
