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6
ITALY
[POPULATION


and the small lake of Scanno, is the coldest and most bleak part of Italy south of the Alps. Heavy falls of snow in June are not uncommon, and only for a short time towards the end of July are the nights totally exempt from light frosts. Yet less than 40 m. E. of this district, and even more to the north, the olive, the fig-tree and the orange thrive luxuriantly on the shores of the Adriatic from Ortona to Vasto. In the same way, whilst in the plains and hills round Naples snow is rarely seen, and never remains long, and the thermometer seldom descends to the freezing-point, 20 m. E. from it in the fertile valley of Avellino, of no great elevation, but encircled by high mountains, light frosts are not uncommon as late as June; and 18 m. farther east, in the elevated region of San Angelo dei Lombardi and Bisaccia, the inhabitants are always warmly clad, and vines grow with difficulty and only in sheltered places. Still farther south-east, Potenza has almost the coldest climate in Italy, and certainly the lowest summer temperatures. But nowhere are these contrasts so striking as in Calabria. The shores, especially on the Tyrrhenian Sea, present almost a continued grove of olive, orange, lemon and citron trees, which attain a size unknown in the north of Italy. The sugar-cane flourishes, the cotton-plant ripens to perfection, date-trees are seen in the gardens, the rocks are clothed with the prickly-pear or Indian fig, the enclosures of the fields are formed by aloes and sometimes pomegranates, the liquorice-root grows wild, and the mastic, the myrtle and many varieties of oleander and cistus form the underwood of the natural forests of arbutus and evergreen oak. If we turn inland but 5 or 6 m. from the shore, and often even less, the scene changes. High districts covered with oaks and chestnuts succeed to this almost tropical vegetation; a little higher up and we reach the elevated regions of the Pollino and the Sila, covered with firs and pines, and affording rich pastures even in the midst of summer, when heavy dews and light frosts succeed each other in July and August, and snow begins to appear at the end of September or early in October. Along the shores of the Adriatic, which are exposed to the north-east winds, blowing coldly from over the Albanian mountains, delicate plants do not thrive so well in general as under the same latitude along the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Southern Italy indeed has in general a very different climate from the northern portion of the kingdom; and, though large tracts are still occupied by rugged mountains of sufficient elevation to retain the snow for a considerable part of the year, the districts adjoining the sea enjoy a climate similar to that of Greece and the southern provinces of Spain. Unfortunately several of these fertile tracts suffer severely from malaria (q.v.), and especially the great plain adjoining the Gulf of Tarentum, which in the early ages of history was surrounded by a girdle of Greek cities—some of which attained to almost unexampled prosperity—has for centuries past been given up to almost complete desolation.[1]

It is remarkable that, of the vegetable productions of Italy, many which are at the present day among the first to attract the attention of the visitor are of comparatively late introduction, and were unknown in ancient times. The olive indeed in all ages clothed the hills of a large part of the country; but the orange and lemon, are a late importation from the East, while the cactus or Indian fig and the aloe, both of them so conspicuous on the shores of southern Italy, as well as of the Riviera of Genoa, are of Mexican origin, and consequently could not have been introduced earlier than the 16th century. The same remark applies to the maize or Indian corn. Many botanists are even of opinion that the sweet chestnut, which now constitutes so large a part of the forests that clothe the sides both of the Alps and the Apennines, and in some districts supplies the chief food of the inhabitants, is not originally of Italian growth; it is certain that it had not attained in ancient times to anything like the extension and importance which it now possesses. The eucalyptus is of quite modern introduction; it has been extensively planted in malarious districts. The characteristic cypress, ilex and stone-pine, however, are native trees, the last-named flourishing especially near the coast. The proportion of evergreens is large, and has a marked effect on the landscape in winter.

Fauna.—The chamois, bouquetin and marmot are found only in the Alps, not at all in the Apennines. In the latter the bear was found in Roman times, and there are said to be still a few remaining. Wolves are more numerous, though only in the mountainous districts; the flocks are protected against them by large white sheepdogs, who have some wolf blood in them. Wild boars are also found in mountainous and forest districts. Foxes are common in the neighbourhood of Rome. The sea mammals include the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). The birds are similar to those of central Europe; in the mountains vultures, eagles, buzzards, kites, falcons and hawks are found. Partridges, woodcock, snipe, &c., are among the game birds; but all kinds of small birds are also shot for food, and their number is thus kept down, while many members of the migratory species are caught by traps in the foothills on the south side of the Alps, especially near the Lake of Como, on their passage. Large numbers of quails are shot in the spring. Among reptiles, the various kinds of lizard are noticeable. There are several varieties of snakes, of which three species (all vipers) are poisonous. Of sea-fish there are many varieties, the tunny, the sardine and the anchovy being commercially the most important. Some of the other edible fish, such as the palombo, are not found in northern waters. Small cuttlefish are in common use as an article of diet. Tortoiseshell, an important article of commerce, is derived from the Thalassochelys caretta, a sea turtle. Of freshwater fish the trout of the mountain streams and the eels of the coast lagoons may be mentioned. The tarantula spider and the scorpion are found in the south of Italy. The aquarium of the zoological station at Naples contains the finest collection in the world of marine animals, showing the wonderful variety of the different species of fish, molluscs, crustacea, &c., found in the Mediterranean.  (E. H. B.; T. As.) 

Population.—The following table indicates the areas of the several provinces (sixty-nine in number), and the population of each according to the censuses of the 31st of December 1881 and the 9th of February 1901. (The larger divisions or compartments in which the provinces are grouped are not officially recognized.)

Provinces and Compartments. Area in
sq. m.
Population.
1881. 1901.
Alessandria 1950 729,710 825,745
Cuneo 2882 635,400 670,504
Novara 2553 675,926 763,830
Turin 3955 1,029,214 1,147,414
   Piedmont 11,340 3,070,250 3,407,493
Genoa 1582 760,122 931,156
Porto Maurizio 455 132,251 144,604
   Liguria 2037 892,373 1,075,760
Bergamo 1098 390,775 467,549
Brescia 1845 471,568 541,765
Como 1091 515,050 594,304
Cremona 695 302,097 329,471
Mantua 912 295,728 315,448
Milan 1223 1,114,991 1,450,214
Pavia 1290 469,831 504,382
Sondrio 1232 120,534 130,966
   Lombardy 9386 3,680,574 4,334,099
Belluno 1293 174,140 214,803
Padua 823 397,762 444,360
Rovigo 685 217,700 222,057
Treviso 960 375,704 416,945
Udine 2541 501,745 614,720
Venice 934 356,708 399,823
Verona 1188 394,065 427,018
Vicenza 1052 396,349 453,621
   Venetia 9476 2,814,173 3,193,347
Bologna 1448 464,879 529,619
Ferrara 1012 230,807 270,558
Forlì 725 251,110 283,996
Modena 987 279,254 323,598
Parma 1250 267,306 303,694
Piacenza 954 226,758 250,491
Ravenna 715 218,359 234,656
Reggio (Emilia) 876 244,959 281,085
   Emilia 7967 2,183,432 2,477,697
Arezzo 1273 238,744 275,588
Florence 2265 790,776 945,324
Grosseto 1738 114,295 137,795
Leghorn 133 121,612 121,137
Lucca 558 284,484 329,986
Massa and Carrara 687 169,469 202,749
Pisa 1179 283,563 319,854
Siena 1471 205,926 233,874
   Tuscany 9304 2,208,869 2,566,307
Ancona 762 267,338 308,346
Ascoli Piceno 796 209,185 251,829
Macerata 1087 239,713 269,505
Pesaro and Urbino 1118 223,043 259,083
   Marches 3763 939,279 1,088,763
Perugia—Umbria 3748 572,060 675,352
Rome—Lazio 4663 903,472 1,142,526
Aquila degli Abruzzi (Abruzzo
  Ulteriore II.)
2484 353,027 436,367
Campobasso (Molise) 1691 365,434 389,967
Chieti (Abruzzo Citeriore) 1138 343,948 387,604
Teramo (Abruzzo Ulteriore I.) 1067 254,806 312,188
   Abruzzi and Molise 6380 1,317,215 1,526,135
Avellino (Principato Ulteriore) 1172 392,619 421,766
Benevento 818 238,425 265,460
Caserta (Terra di Lavoro) 2033 714,131 805,345
Naples 350 1,001,245 1,141,788
Salerno (Principato Citeriore) 1916 550,157 585,132
   Campania 6289 2,896,577 3,219,491
Bari delle Puglie (Terra di Bari) 2065 679,499 837,683
Foggia (Capitanata) 2688 356,267 421,115
Lecce (Terra di Otranto) 2623 553,298 705,382
   Apulia 7376 1,589,064 1,964,180
Potenza (Basilicata) 3845 524,504 491,558
Catanzaro (Calabria Ulteriore II.) 2030 433,975 498,791
Cosenza (Calabria Citeriore) 2568 451,185 503,329
Reggio di Calabria (Calabria
 Ulteriore I.)
1221 372,723 437,209
   Calabria 5819 1,257,883 1,439,329
Caltanisetta 1263 266,379 329,449
Catania 1917 563,457 703,598
Girgenti 1172 312,487 380,666
Messina 1246 460,924 550,895
Palermo 1948 699,151 796,151
Syracuse 1442 341,526 433,796
Trapani 948 283,977 373,569
   Sicily 9936 2,927,901 3,568,124
Cagliari 5204 420,635 486,767
Sassari 4090 261,367 309,026
   Sardinia 9294 682,002 795,793
Kingdom of Italy 110,623 28,459,628 32,965,504
  1. On the influence of malaria on the population of Early Italy see W. H. S. Jones in Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, ii. 97 sqq. (Liverpool, 1909).