and peer (1581), admiral of France (1582), and governor of Normandy (1586), and married him to Marguerite de Lorraine-Vaudémont, younger sister of the queen. He gained several successes against the Huguenots, but was recalled by court intrigues at an inopportune moment, and when he marched a second time against Henry of Navarre he was defeated and killed at Coutras. Guillaume had three other sons: François de Joyeuse (d. 1615), cardinal and archbishop of Narbonne, Toulouse and Rouen, who brought about the reconciliation of Henry IV. with the pope; Henri, count of Bouchage, and later duke of Joyeuse, who first entered the army, then became a Capuchin under the name of Père Ange, left the church and became a marshal of France, and finally re-entered the church, dying in 1608; Antoine Scipion, grand prior of Toulouse in the order of the knights of Malta, who was one of the leaders in the League, and died in the retreat of Villemur (1592). Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse, daughter of Henri, married in 1611 Charles of Lorraine, duke of Guise, to whom she brought the duchy of Joyeuse. On the death of her great-grandson, François Joseph de Lorraine, duke of Guise, in 1675, without issue, the duchy of Joyeuse was declared extinct, but it was revived in 1714, in favour of Louis de Melun, prince of Épinoy. (M. P.*)
JOYEUSE ENTRÉE, a famous charter of liberty granted to
Brabant by Duke John III. in 1354. John summoned the representatives
of the cities of the duchy to Louvain to announce to
them the marriage of his daughter and heiress Jeanne of Brabant
to Wenceslaus duke of Luxemburg, and he offered them liberal
concessions in order to secure their assent to the change of
dynasty. John III. died in 1355, and Wenceslaus and Jeanne
on the occasion of their state entry into Brussels solemnly swore
to observe all the provisions of the charter, which had been
drawn up. From the occasion on which it was first proclaimed
this charter has since been known in history as La Joyeuse Entrée.
By this document the dukes of Brabant undertook to maintain
the integrity of the duchy, and not to wage war, make treaties,
or impose taxes without the consent of their subjects, as represented
by the municipalities. All members of the duke’s council
were to be native-born Brabanters. This charter became the
model for other provinces and the bulwark of the liberties of the
Netherlands. Its provisions were modified from time to time,
but remained practically unchanged from the reign of Charles V.
onwards. The ill-advised attempt of the emperor Joseph II.
in his reforming zeal to abrogate the Joyeuse Entrée caused a
revolt in Brabant, before which he had to yield.
See E. Poullet, La Joyeuse entrée, ou constitution Brabançonne (1862).
JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLANDS, a small group in the South
Pacific Ocean, between 33° and 34° S., 80° W., belonging to
Chile and included in the province of Valparaiso. The main
island is called Mas-a-Tierra (Span. “more to land”) to distinguish
it from a smaller island, Mas-a-Fuera (“more to sea”),
100 m. farther west. Off the S.W. of Mas-a-Tierra lies the islet
of Santa Clara. The aspect of Mas-a-Tierra is beautiful; only
13 m. in length by 4 in width, it consists of a series of precipitous
rocks rudely piled into irregular blocks and pinnacles, and
strongly contrasting with a rich vegetation. The highest of
these, 3225 ft., is called, from its massive form, El Yunque
(the anvil). The rocks are volcanic. Cumberland Bay on the
north side is the only fair anchorage, and even there, from the
great depth of water, there is some risk. A wide valley collecting
streams from several of the ravines on the north side of the
island opens into Cumberland Bay, and is partially enclosed and
cultivated. The inhabitants number only some twenty.
The flora and fauna of Juan Fernandez are in most respects Chilean. There are few trees on the island, for most of the valuable indigenous trees have been practically exterminated, such as the sandalwood, which the earlier navigators found one of the most valuable products of the island. Ferns are prominent among the flora, about one-third of which consists of endemic species. There are no indigenous land mammals. Pigs and goats, however, with cattle, horses, asses and dogs, have been introduced, have multiplied, and in considerable numbers run wild. Sea-elephants and fur-seals were formerly plentiful. Of birds, a tyrant and a humming-bird (Eustephanus fernandensis) are peculiar to the group, while another humming bird (E. galerites), a thrush, and some birds of prey also occur in Chile. E. fernandensis has the peculiarity that the male is of a bright cinnamon colour, while the female is green. Both sexes are green in E. galerites.
Juan Fernandez was discovered by a Spanish pilot of that name in 1563. Fernandez obtained from the Spanish government a grant of the islands, where he resided for some time, stocking them with goats and pigs. He soon, however, appears to have abandoned his possessions, which were afterwards for many years only visited occasionally by fishermen from the coasts of Chile and Peru. In 1616 Jacob le Maire and Willem Cornelis Schouten called at Juan Fernandez for water and fresh provisions. Pigs and goats were then abundant on the islands. In February 1700 Dampier called at Juan Fernandez and while there Captain Straddling of the “Cinque Porte” galley quarrelled with his men, forty-two of whom deserted but were afterwards taken on board by Dampier; five seamen, however, remained on shore. Other parties had previously colonized the islands but none had remained permanently. In October 1704 the “Cinque Porte” returned and found two of these men, the others having been apparently captured by the French. On this occasion Straddling quarrelled with Alexander Selkirk (q.v.), who, at his own request, became the island’s most famous colonist, for his adventures are commonly believed to have inspired Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. Among later visits, that of Commodore Anson, in the “Centurion” (June 1741) led, on his return home, to a proposal to form an English settlement on Juan Fernandez; but the Spaniards, hearing that the matter had been mooted in England, gave orders to occupy the island, and it was garrisoned accordingly in 1750. Philip Carteret first observed this settlement in May 1767, and on account of the hostility of the Spaniards preferred to put in at Masa-Fuera. After the establishment of the independence of Chile at the beginning of the 19th century, Juan Fernandez passed into the possession of that country. On more than one occasion before 1840 Mas-a-Tierra was used as a state prison by the Chilean government.
JUANGS (Patuas, literally “leaf-wearers”), a jungle tribe of
Orissa, India. They are found in only two of the tributary
states, Dhenkanal and Keonjhar, most of them in the latter.
They are estimated to amount in all to about 10,000. Their
language belongs to the Munda family. They have no traditions
which connect them with any other race, and they repudiate all
connexion with the Hos or the Santals, declaring themselves the
aborigines. They say the headquarters of the tribe is the
Gonasika. In manners they are among the most primitive people
of the world, representing the Stone age in our own day. They
do not till the land, but live on the game they kill or on snakes
and vermin. Their huts measure about 6 ft. by 8 ft., with very
low doorways. The interior is divided into two compartments.
In the first of these the father and all the females of a family
huddle together; the second is used as a store-room. The boys
have a separate hut at the entrance to the village, which serves
as a guest-house and general assembly place where the musical
instruments of the village are kept. Physically they are small
and weak-looking, of a reddish-brown colour, with flat faces,
broad noses with wide nostrils, large mouths and thick lips,
the hair coarse and frizzly. The women until recently wore
nothing but girdles of leaves, the men, a diminutive bandage
of cloth. The Juangs declare that the river goddess, emerging for
the first time from the Gonasika rock, surprised a party of naked
Juangs dancing, and ordered them to wear leaves, with the
threat that they should die if they ever gave up the custom.
The Juangs’ weapons are the bow and arrow and a primitive
sling made entirely of cord. Their religion is a vague belief in
forest spirits. They offer fowls to the sun when in trouble and
to the earth for a bountiful harvest. Polygamy is rare. They
burn their dead and throw the ashes into any running stream.
The most sacred oaths a Juang can take are those on an ant-hill
or a tiger-skin.
See E. W. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal (1872).
