edited the journal the European Messenger. It was not until after the publication of this work that he realized where his strength lay, and commenced his History of the Russian Empire. In order to accomplish the task, he secluded himself for two years; and, on the cause of his retirement becoming known to the emperor Alexander, Karamzin was invited to Tver, where he read to the emperor the first eight volumes of his history. In 1816 he removed to St Petersburg, where he spent the happiest days of his life, enjoying the favour of Alexander, and submitting to him the sheets of his great work, which the emperor read over with him in the gardens of the palace of Tzarskoë Selo. He did not, however, live to carry his work further than the eleventh volume, terminating it at the accession of Michael Romanov in 1613. He died on the 22nd of May (old style) 1826, in the Taurida palace. A monument was erected to his memory at Simbirsk in 1845.
As an historian Karamzin has deservedly a very high reputation. Till the appearance of his work little had been done in this direction in Russia. The preceding attempt of Tatistchev was merely a rough sketch, inelegant in style, and without the true spirit of criticism. Karamzin was most industrious in accumulating materials, and the notes to his volumes are mines of curious information. The style of his history is elegant and flowing, modelled rather upon the easy sentences of the French prose writers than the long periodical paragraphs of the old Slavonic school. Perhaps Karamzin may justly be censured for the false gloss and romantic air thrown over the early Russian annals, concealing the coarseness and cruelty of the native manners; in this respect he reminds us of Sir Walter Scott, whose writings were at this time creating a great sensation throughout Europe, and probably had their influence upon him. Karamzin appears openly as the panegyrist of the autocracy; indeed, his work has been styled the “Epic of Despotism.” He does not hesitate to avow his admiration of Ivan the Terrible, and considers him and his grandfather Ivan III. as the builders up of Russian greatness, a glory which in his earlier writings, perhaps at that time more under the influence of Western ideas, he had assigned to Peter the Great. In the battle-pieces (e.g. the description of the field of Koulikovo, the taking of Kazan, &c.) we find considerable powers of description; and the characters of many of the chief personages in the Russian annals are drawn in firm and bold lines. As a critic Karamzin was of great service to his country; in fact he may be regarded as the founder of the review and essay (in the Western style) among the Russians.
KARA SEA, a portion of the Arctic Ocean demarcated, and
except on the north-west completely enclosed, by Novaya Zemlya,
Vaygach Island and the Siberian coast. It is approached
from the west by three straits—Matochkin, between the two
islands of Novaya Zemlya, and Kara and Yugor to the north
and south of Vaygach Island respectively. On the south-east
Kara Bay penetrates deeply into the mainland, and to the
west of this the short Kara river enters the sea. The sea is all
shallow, the deepest parts lying off Vaygach Island and the
northern part of Novaya Zemlya. It had long the reputation
of being almost constantly ice-bound, but after the Norwegian
captain Johannesen had demonstrated its accessibility in 1869,
and Nordenskiöld had crossed it to the mouth of the Yenisei in
1875, it was considered by many to offer a possible trade route
between European Russia and the north of Siberia. But the
open season is in any case very short, and the western straits
are sometimes ice-bound during the entire year.
KARASU-BAZAR, a town of Russia, in the Crimea and government
of Taurida, in 45° 3′ N. and 34° 26′ E., 25 m. E.N.E. of
Simferopol. Pop. (1897), 12,961, consisting of Tatars, Armenians,
Greeks, Qaraite Jews, and about 200 so-called Krymchaki,
i.e. Jews who have adopted the Tatar language and
dress, and who live chiefly by making morocco leather goods,
knives, embroidery and so forth. The site is low, but the town
is surrounded by hills, which afford protection from the north
wind. The dirty streets full of petty traders, the gloomy bazaar
with its multitude of tiny shops, the market squares, the blind
alleys, the little gates in the dead courtyard walls, all give the
place the stamp of a Tatar or Turkish town. Placed on the
high road between Simferopol and Kerch, and in the midst of a
country rich in corn land, vineyards and gardens, Karasu-Bazar
used to be a chief seat of commercial activity in the Crimea; but
it is gradually declining in importance, though still a considerable
centre for the export of fruit.
The caves of Akkaya close by give evidence of early occupation of the spot. When in 1736 Khan Feta Ghirai was driven by the Russians from Bakhchi-sarai he settled at Karasu-Bazar, but next year the town was captured, plundered and burned by the Russians.
KARATEGHIN, a country of Central Asia, subject to Bokhara,
and consisting of a highland district bounded on the N. by
Samarkand and Ferghana (Khokand), on the E. by Ferghana, on
the S. by Darvaz, and on the W. by Hissar and other Bokharian
provinces. The plateau is traversed by the Surkhab or Vakhsh, a
right-hand tributary of the Amu-darya (Oxus). On the N. border
run the Hissar and Zarafshan mountains, and on the S. border
the Peter I. (Periokhtan) range (24,900 ft.). The area is 8000
sq. m. and the population about 60,000—five-sixths Tajiks, the
rest Kara-kirghiz. With the neighbouring lands Karateghin has
no communication except during summer, that is, from May to
September. The winter climate is extremely severe; snow begins
to fall in October and it is May before it disappears. During the
warmer months, however, the mountain sides are richly clothed
with the foliage of maple, mountain ash, apple, pear and walnut
trees; the orchards furnish, not only apples and pears, but
peaches, cherries, mulberries and apricots; and the farmers grow
sufficient corn to export. Both cattle and horses are of a small
and hardy breed. Rough woollen cloth and mohair are woven by
the natives, who also make excellent firearms and other weapons.
Gold is found in various places and there are salt-pits in the mountains.
The chief town, Harm or Garm, is a place of some 2000
inhabitants, situated on a hill on the right bank of the Surkhab.
The native princes, who claimed to be descended from Alexander the Great, were till 1868 practically independent, though their allegiance was claimed in an ineffective way by Khokand, but eventually Bokhara took advantage of their intestine feuds to secure their real submission in 1877.
KARAULI, or Kerowlee, a native state of India, in the
Rajputana agency. Area, 1242 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 156,786;
estimated revenue about £330,000. Almost the entire territory
is composed of hills and broken ground, but there are no lofty
peaks, the highest having an elevation of less than 1400 ft. above
sea-level. The Chambal river flows along the south-east boundary
of the state. Iron ore and building stone comprise the mineral
resources. The prevailing agricultural products are millets,
which form the staple food of the people. The only manufactures
consist of a little weaving, dyeing, wood-turning and stone-cutting.
The principal imports are piece goods, salt, sugar,
cotton, buffaloes and bullocks; the exports rice and goats. The
feudal aristocracy of the state consists of Jadu Rajputs connected
with the ruling house. They pay a tribute in lieu of constant
military service, but in case of emergency or on occasions of state
display they are bound to attend on the chief with their retainers.
The maharaja is the head of the clan, which claims descent from
Krishna. Maharaja Bhanwar Pal Deo, who was born in 1862
and succeeded in 1866, was appointed G.C.I.E. in 1897, on the
occasion of Queen Victoria’s diamond jubilee.
The town of Karauli had a population in 1901 of 23,482. It dates from 1348, and is well situated in a position naturally defended by ravines on the north and east, while it is further protected by a great wall. The palace of the maharaja is a handsome block of buildings dating mainly from the middle of the 18th century.
KAREN, one of the chief hill races of Burma. The Karens inhabit the central Pegu Yoma range, forming the watershed between the Sittang and Irrawaddy rivers, the Paunglaung range between the Sittang and the Salween, and the eastern
slopes of the Arakan Yoma mountains to the west of the Irrawaddy
delta. They are supposed to be the descendants of
Chinese tribes driven southwards by the pressure of the Shan
races, before they were again made to retire into the hills by the
expansion of the Môn power. Their own traditions ascribe their
original home to the west of the sandy desert of Gobi stretching
between China and Tibet. According to the census of 1901 they
numbered in all 727,235 persons within British India, divided
into the Sgaw, 86,434, the Pwo, 174,070, and the Bghai, 4936,
