three—T. sparverius, T. leucophrys and T. sparverioides—with five geographical races of the first, viz. the typical T. sparverius from the continent of North America except the coast of the Gulf of Mexico; T. australis from the continent of South America except the North Atlantic and Caribbean coasts; T. isabellinus, inhabiting continental America from Florida to Fr. Guiana; T. dominicensis from the Lesser Antilles as far northwards as St Thomas; and lastly T. cinnamominus from Chile and western Brazil. T. leucophrys is said to be from Haiti and Cuba; and T. sparverioides peculiar to Cuba only. This last has been generally allowed to be a good species, though Dr Gundlach, the best authority on the birds of that island, in his Contribucion á la Ornitologia Cubana (1876), will not allow its validity. More recently it was found (Ibis, 1881, pp. 547–564) that T. australis and T. cinnamominus cannot be separated, that Ridgway’s T. leucophrys should properly be called T. dominicensis, and his T. dominicensis T. antillarum; while Ridgway has recorded the supposed occurrence of T. sparverioides in Florida. Of other kestrels T. moluccensis is widely spread throughout the islands of the Malay Archipelago, while T. cenchroides seems to inhabit the whole of Australia, and has occurred in Tasmania (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1875, pp. 7, 8). No kestrel is found in New Zealand, but an approach to the form is made by the very peculiar Hieracidea (or Harpe) novae-zelandiae (of which a second race or species has been described, H. brunnea or H. ferox), the “sparrow-hawk,” “quail-hawk” and “bush-hawk” of the colonists—a bird of much higher courage than any kestrel, and perhaps exhibiting the more generalized and ancestral type from which both kestrels and falcons may have descended. (A. N.)
KESWICK, a market town in the Penrith parliamentary
division of Cumberland, England, served by the joint line of the
Cockermouth Keswick & Penrith, and London & North-Western
railways. Pop. of urban district (1901), 4451. It lies in the
northern part of the Lake District, in an open valley on the
banks of the river Greta, with the mountain of Skiddaw to the
north and the lovely lake of Derwentwater to the south. It is
much frequented by visitors as a centre for this famous district—for
boating on Derwentwater and for the easy ascent of
Skiddaw. Many residences are seen in the neighbourhood, and
the town as a whole is modern. Fitz Park, opened in 1887, is
a pleasant recreation ground. The town-hall contains a museum
of local geology, natural history, &c. In the parish church of
Crosthwaite, 34 m. distant, there is a monument to the poet
Southey. His residence, Greta Hall, stands at the end of the
main street, close by the river. Keswick is noted for its
manufacture of lead pencils; and the plumbago (locally wad)
used to be supplied from mines in Borrowdale. Char, caught in
the neighbouring lakes, are potted at Keswick in large quantities
and exported.
KESWICK CONVENTION, an annual summer reunion held
at the above town for the main purpose of “promoting practical
holiness” by meetings for prayer, discussion and personal
intercourse. It has no denominational limits, and is largely
supported by the “Evangelical” section of the Church of
England. The convention, started in a private manner by
Canon Harford-Battersby, then vicar of Keswick, and Mr
Robert Wilson in 1874, met first in 1875, and rapidly grew after
the first few years, both in numbers and influence, in spite of
attacks on the alleged “perfectionism” of some of its leaders
and on the novelty of its methods. Its members take a deep
interest in foreign missions.
In the History of the C.M.S., vol. iii. (by Eugene Stock), the missionary influence of the “Keswick men” in Cambridge and elsewhere may be readily traced. See also The Keswick Convention: its Message, its Method and its Men, edited by C. F. Harford (1906).
KET (or Kett), ROBERT (d. 1549), English rebel, is usually called a tanner, but he certainly held the manor of Wymondham in Norfolk. With his brother William he led the men of Wymondham in their quarrel with a certain Flowerden, and having thus come into prominence, he headed the men of Norfolk when they rose in rebellion in 1549 owing to the hardships inflicted by the extensive enclosures of common lands and by the general policy of the protector Somerset. A feast held at Wymondham in July 1549 developed into a riot and gave the signal for the outbreak. Leading his followers to Norwich, Ket formed a camp on Mousehold Heath, where he is said to have commanded 16,000 men, introduced a regular system of discipline, administered
justice and blockaded the city. He refused the royal
offer of an amnesty on the ground that innocent and just men had no need of pardon, and on the 1st of August 1549 attacked and took possession of Norwich. John Dudley, earl of Warwick, marched against the rebels, and after his offer of pardon had been rejected he forced his way into the city, driving its defenders
before him. Then, strengthened by the arrival of some foreign
mercenaries, he attacked the main body of the rebels at Dussindale
on the 27th of August. Ket’s men were easily routed by
the trained soldiery, and Robert and William Ket were seized
and taken to London, where they were condemned to death for
treason. On the 7th of December 1549 Robert was executed at
Norwich, and his body was hanged on the top of the castle,
while that of William was hanged on the church tower at
Wymondham.
See F. W. Russell, Kett’s Rebellion (1859), and J. A. Froude, History of England, vol. iv. (London, 1898).
KETCH, JOHN (d. 1686), English executioner, who as “Jack
Ketch” gave the nickname for nearly two centuries to his
successors, is believed to have been appointed public hangman
in the year 1663. The first recorded mention of him is in The
Plotters Ballad, being Jack Ketch’s incomparable Receipt for the
Cure of Traytorous Recusants and Wholesome Physick for a
Popish Contagion, a broadside published in December 1672.
The execution of William, Lord Russell, on the 21st of July
1683 was carried out by him in a clumsy way, and a pamphlet
is extant which contains his “Apologie,” in which he alleges
that the prisoner did not “dispose himself as was most suitable”
and that he was interrupted while taking aim. On the scaffold,
on the 15th of July 1685, the duke of Monmouth, addressing
Ketch, referred to his treatment of Lord Russell, the result
being that Ketch was quite unmanned and had to deal at least
five strokes with his axe, and finally use a knife, to sever Monmouth’s
head from his shoulders. In 1686 Ketch was deposed
and imprisoned at Bridewell, but when his successor, Pascha
Rose, a butcher, was, after four months in the office, hanged at
Tyburn, Ketch was reappointed. He died towards the close of
1686.
KETCHUP, also written catsup and katchup (said to be from
the Chinese kôe-chiap or kê-tsiap, brine of pickled fish), a sauce
or relish prepared principally from the juice of mushrooms and
of many other species of edible fungi, salted for preservation and
variously spiced. The juices of various fruits, such as cucumbers,
tomatoes, and especially green walnuts, are used as a basis
of ketchup, and shell-fish ketchup, from oysters, mussels and
cockles, is also made; but in general the term is restricted to
sauces having the juice of edible fungi as their basis.
KETENES, in chemistry, a group of organic compounds which
may be considered as internal anhydrides of acetic acid and its
substitution derivatives. Two classes may be distinguished:
the aldo-ketenes, including ketene itself, together with its mono-alkyl
derivatives and carbon suboxide, and the keto-ketenes
which comprise the dialkyl ketenes. The aldo-ketenes are colourless compounds which are not capable of autoxidation, are polymerized by pyridine or quinoline, and are inert towards compounds containing the groupings C:N and C:O. The keto-ketenes are coloured compounds, which undergo autoxidation
readily, form ketene bases on the addition of pyridine and quinoline, and yield addition compounds with substances containing the C:N and C:O groupings. The ketenes are usually obtained by the action of zinc on ethereal or ethyl acetate solutions of halogen substituted acid chlorides or bromides. They are characterized by their additive reactions: combining with water to form acids, with alcohols to form esters, and with primary amines to form amides.
Ketene, CH2:CO, was discovered by N. T. M. Wilsmore (Jour. Chem. Soc., 1907, vol. 91, p. 1938) among the gaseous products formed
