populations in 1897, are Kielce (q.v.), Jedrzejow (Russ. Andreyev, 5010), Miechow (4156), Olkusz (3491), Pinczów (8095), Stopnica (4659) and Wloszczowa (23,065).
KIELCE, a town of Russian Poland, capital of the above
government, 152 m. by rail S. of Warsaw, situated in a picturesque
hilly country. Pop. (1890), 12,775; (1897), 23,189. It has a castle,
built in 1638 and for some time inhabited by Charles XII.;
it was renowned for its portrait gallery and the library of
Zaluski, which was taken to St Petersburg. The squares and
boulevards are lined with handsome modern buildings. The
principal factories are hemp-spinning, cotton-printing and cement
works. The town was founded in 1173 by a bishop of Cracow.
In the 16th century it was famous for its copper mines, but they
are no longer worked.
KIEPERT, HEINRICH (1818–1899), German geographer, was
born at Berlin on the 31st of July 1818. He was educated at
the university there, studying especially history, philology and
geography. In 1840–1846, in collaboration with Karl Ritter,
he issued his first work, Atlas von Hellas und den hellenischen
Kolonien, which brought him at once into eminence in the
sphere of ancient historical cartography. In 1848 his Historisch-geographischer
Atlas der alten Welt appeared, and in 1854 the
first edition of the Atlas antiquus, which has obtained very
wide recognition, being issued in English, French, Russian,
Dutch and Italian. In 1894 Kiepert produced the first part
of a larger atlas of the ancient world under the title Formae
orbis antiqui; his valuable maps in Corpus inscriptionum
latinarum must also be mentioned. In 1877–1878 his Lehrbuch
der alten Geographie was published, and in 1879 Leitfaden der
alten Geographie, which was translated into English (A Manual
of Ancient Geography, 1881) and into French. Among Kiepert’s
general works one of the most important was the excellent
Neuer Handatlas über alle Teile der Erde (1855 et seq.), and he
also compiled a large number of special and educational maps.
Asia Minor was an area in which he took particular interest.
He visited it four times in 1841–1888; and his first map (1843–1846),
together with his Karte des osmanischen Reiches in Asien
(1844 and 1869), formed the highest authority for the geography
of the region. Kiepert was professor of geography in the
university of Berlin from 1854. He died at Berlin on the 21st
of April 1899. He left unpublished considerable material in
various departments of his work, and with the assistance of
this his son Richard (b. 1846), who followed his father’s career,
was enabled to issue a map of Asia Minor in 24 sheets, on a scale
of 1: 400,000 (1902 et seq.), and to carry on the issue of Formae
orbis antiqui.
KIERKEGAARD, SÖREN AABY (1813–1855), Danish philosopher,
the seventh child of a Jutland hosier, was born in Copenhagen
on the 5th of May 1813. As a boy he was delicate,
precocious and morbid in temperament. He studied theology
at the university of Copenhagen, where he graduated in 1840
with a treatise On Irony. For two years he travelled in
Germany, and in 1842 settled finally in Copenhagen, where he
died on the 11th of November 1855. He had lived in studious
retirement, subject to physical suffering and mental depression.
His first volume, Papers of a Still Living Man (1838), a characterization
of Hans Andersen, was a failure, and he was for some
time unnoticed. In 1843 he published Euten—Eller (Either—or)
(4th ed., 1878), the work on which his reputation mainly rests;
it is a discussion of the ethical and aesthetic ideas of life. In
his last years he carried on a feverish agitation against the
theology and practice of the state church, on the ground that
religion is for the individual soul, and is to be separated absolutely
from the state and the world. In general his philosophy
was a reaction against the speculative thinkers—Steffens (q.v.),
Niels Treschow (1751–1833) and Frederik Christian Sibbern
(1785–1872); it was based on the absolute dualism of Faith and
Knowledge. His chief follower was Rasmus Nielsen (1809–1884)
and he was opposed by Georg Brandes, who wrote a brilliant
account of his life and works. As a dialectician he has been
described as little inferior to Plato, and his influence on the
literature of Denmark is considerable both in style and in matter.
To him Ibsen owed his character Brand in the drama of that
name.
See his posthumous autobiographical sketch, Syns punktetfor min Forfattervirksomhed (“Standpoint of my Literary Work”); Georg Brandes, Sören Kierkegaard (Copenhagen, 1877); A. Bärthold, Noten zu K.’s Lebensgeschichte (Halle, 1876), Die Bedeutung der ästhetischen Schriften S. Kierkegaarde (Halle, 1879) and S. K.’s Persönlichkeit in ihrer Verwirklichung der Ideale (Gütersloh, 1886); F. Petersen, S. K.’s Christendomsforkyndelae (Christiania, 1877). For Kierkegaard’s relation to recent Danish thought, see Höffding’s Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie (1888), vol. ii.
KIEV, Kieff, or Kiyeff, a government of south-western
Russia, conterminous with those of Minsk, Poltava, Chernigov,
Podolia, Kherson and Volhynia; area 19,686 sq. m. It
represents a deeply trenched plateau, 600 to 800 ft. in altitude,
reaching 950 to 1050 ft. in the west, assuming a steep character
in the middle, and sloping gently northwards to the marshy
regions of the Pripet, while on the east it falls abruptly to the
valley of the Dnieper, which lies only 250 to 300 ft. above the
sea. General A. Tillo has shown that neither geologically nor
tectonically can “spurs of the Carpathians” penetrate into
Kiev. Many useful minerals are extracted, such as granites,
gabbro, labradorites of a rare beauty, syenites and gneiss,
marble, grinding stones, pottery clay, phosphorites, iron ore
and mineral colours. Towards the southern and central parts
the surface is covered by deep rich “black earth.” Nearly the
whole of the government belongs to the basin of the Dnieper,
that river forming part of its eastern boundary. In the south-west
are a few small tributaries of the Bug. Besides the Dnieper
the only navigable stream is its confluent the Pripet. The
climate is more moderate than in middle Russia, the average
temperatures at the city of Kiev being—year, 44.5°; January,
21°; July, 68°; yearly rainfall, 22 inches. The lowlands of
the north are covered with woods; they have the flora of
the Polyesie, or marshy woodlands of Minsk, and are peopled
with animals belonging to higher latitudes.[1] The population,
which was 2,017,262 in 1863, reached 3,575,457 in 1897, of whom
1,791,503 were women, and 147,878 lived in towns; and in
1904 it reached 4,042,526, of whom 2,030,744 were women.
The estimated population in 1906 was 4,206,100. In 1897 there
were 2,738,977 Orthodox Greeks, 14,888 Nonconformists, 91,821
Roman Catholics, 423,875 Jews, and 6820 Protestants.
No less than 41% of the land is in large holdings, and 45% belongs to the peasants. Out of an area of 12,600,000 acres, 11,100,000 acres are available for cultivation, 4,758,000 acres are under crops, 650,000 acres under meadows, and 1,880,000 acres under woods. About 290,000 acres are under beetroot, for sugar. The crops principally grown are wheat, rye, oats, millet, barley and buckwheat, with, in smaller quantities, hemp, flax, vegetables, fruit and tobacco. Camels have been used for agricultural work. Bee-keeping and gardening are general. The chief factories are sugar works and distilleries. The former produce 850,000 to 1,150,000 tons of sugar and over 50,000 tons of molasses annually. The factories include machinery works and iron foundries, tanneries, steam flour-mills, petroleum refineries and tobacco factories. Two main railways, starting from Kiev and Cherkasy respectively, cross the government from N.E. to S.W., and two lines traverse its southern part from N.W. to S.E., parallel to the Dnieper. Steamers ply on the Dnieper and some of its tributaries. Wheat, rye, oats, barley and flour are exported. There are two great fairs, at Kiev and Berdichev respectively, and many of minor importance. Trade is very brisk, the river traffic alone being valued at over one million sterling annually. The government is divided into twelve districts. The chief town is Kiev (q.v.) and the district towns, with their populations in 1897, Berdichev (53,728), Cherkasy (29,619), Chigirin (9870), Kanev (8892), Lipovets (6068), Radomysl (11,154), Skvira (16,265), Tarashcha (11,452), Umañ (28,628), Vasilkov (17,824) and Zvenigorodka (16,972).
The plains on the Dnieper have been inhabited since probably the Palaeolithic period, and the burial-grounds used since the
- ↑ Schmahlhausen’s Flora of South-West Russia (Kiev, 1886) contains a good description of the flora of the province.
